PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND ITS CLINICAL CORRELATION

Question 1

_______________ are the main lipid constituents of membranes.

Answer 1

phospholipids

Question 2

Many phospholipids are derivatives of
_______________, in which the phosphate is
esterified with one OH group of glycerol and
the other two OH groups are esterified to two
long chain fatty acids (glycerophospholipids).

Answer 2

phosphatidic acid

Question 3

________________ Is a Precursor of Second Messengers

Answer 3

Phosphatidylinositol

Question 4

The inositol is present in phosphatidylinositol
as the stereoisomer, ____________.

Answer 4

myoinositol

Question 5

_______________ are minor components of
cell membranes, but play an important part in
cell signaling and membrane trafficking.

Answer 5

Phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols
(phosphoinositides)

Question 6

______________ Is a Major Lipid of Mitochondrial
Membranes

Answer 6

Cardiolipin

Question 7

This phospholipid is found only
in mitochondria and is essential for the
mitochondrial function.

Answer 7

Cardiolipin

Question 8

Decreased cardiolipin levels or alterations in its structure or metabolism cause mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and in pathological conditions
including heart failure, hypothyroidism, and
______________ (cardioskeletal myopathy).

Answer 8

Barth syndrome

Question 9

_____________________ Are Intermediates in the
Metabolism of Phosphoglycerols

Answer 9

Lysophospholipids

Question 10

These are phosphoacylglycerols containing
only one acyl radical, for example,
lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin),
important in the metabolism and
interconversion of phospholipids. It is also
found in oxidized lipoproteins and has been
implicated in some of their effects in
promoting atherosclerosis

Answer 10

Lysophospholipids

Question 10

__________________ Occur in Brain & Muscle

These compounds constitute as much as 10%
to 30% of the phospholipids of brain and heart.

Answer 10

Plasmalogens

Question 11

___________ are Important in Nerve Tissues & in the Cell Membrane

Answer 11

Glycolipids Glycosphingolipids

Question 12

_________ are lipids with an attached
carbohydrate or carbohydrate chain. They are
widely distributed in every tissue of the body,
particularly in nervous tissue such as brain.

Answer 12

Glycolipids

Question 13

The major glycolipids found in
animal tissues are _________________. They
contain ceramide and one or more sugars.

Answer 13

glycosphingolipids

Question 13

_________________ is a major glycosphingolipid of brain and other nervous tissue, found in relatively low amounts elsewhere.

Answer 13

Galactosylceramide

Question 14

______________ are complex glycosphingolipids derived from glucosylceramide that contain in addition one
or more molecules of a sialic acid.

Answer 14

Gangliosides

Question 14

Cholesterol is often found as
_________________, where the hydroxyl group on
position 3 is esterified with a long-chain fatty
acid. It occurs in animals but not in plants or
bacteria.

Answer 14

cholesterylester

Question 15

__________ Is a Precursor of Vitamin D

Answer 15

Ergosterol

Question 15

___________ occurs in plants and yeast and is
important as a dietary source of vitamin D.

Answer 15

Ergosterol

Question 16

is responsible not only for
deterioration of foods (rancidity), but also for
damage to tissues in vivo, where it may be a
cause of cancer, inflammatory diseases,
atherosclerosis, and aging

Answer 16

Peroxidation of lipid

Question 16

____________ Is A Source Of Free Radicals

Answer 16

Lipid Peroxidation

Question 16

Antioxidants fall into
two classes:

Answer 16

(1) preventive antioxidants, which reduce the rate of chain initiation
(2) chain-breaking antioxidants, which interfere with chain propagation

Question 17

An element that is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and regulates its activity.

Answer 17

selenium