Physiological Responses Flashcards
According to Bartlett, what physiological responses are measured in research observations or recordings?
Quantifiable bodily reactions that are visceral, motor, muscular, chemical, or centred in the brain
List some reasons why measures of physiological responses are used in music therapy
To justify their role in medical contexts; increase understanding of effects of music; develop effective treatment interventions; stimulate wider understanding
According to Berger & Schneck, what is music therapy?
A proactive, interactive co-participation between client(s) & therapist which produces & uses musical elements to effect change
According to Dileo Maranto, what are some biological goals of music therapy in medical settings?
Influence heart rate, blood pressure, GSR, muscle tension; enhance immune function; facilitate rhythmic & deep breathing; suppress pain; decrease hormone levels
According to Dileo Maranto, what are some psychological goals of music therapy in medical settings?
Reduce preoperative anxiety; distract the patient during kidney dialysis; reduce depression; reduce trauma & fear in patients; assist in patient decision making regarding treatment; facilitate support groups among patients; provide social outlet for long-term patients; provide support for families of terminally ill patients
List some passive musical experiences used in music therapy;
List some active musical experiences
Listening, reminiscence, anxiolytic, vibrational;
Playing, singing, performance, improvisation, song-writing, lyric/song discussion
What are some important concepts cited by Maranto, supporting the use of music therapy in relation to physiological responses to music
Elicits physiological, psychological & cognitive responses; may evoke imagery & associations; potential for entrainment; responses are idiosyncratic/unique & may be interrelated; individual history is important; elements of music influence response; may contribute to stress management
List some measures used to monitor physiological response
Electrodermal response/skin conductance response; heart rate & pulse rate; respiration rate; blood pressure; skin temperature; gastric motility; blood oxygen; EEG/EMG; hormone secretion
Explain the 3 stages of stress as an adaptive response
Alarm (response to demands of stress producing agent, e.g. increased heart rate/ blood pressure); Resistance (body defends itself to physiological demands); Exhaustion (depletion of energy from prolonged exposure)
The endocrine/hormone system consists of 2 sub-systems that have particular functions during exposure to stress. What are they?
Catecholamines (adrenaline & noradrenaline) & Corticosteroids (endorphins, cortisol & immunoglobulin A)
Herbert et al. had 52 men play a first person shooter game, either in silence or with techno music for 10 mins. What was measured?;
What were the results?;
What has cortisol secretion been found to contribute to?
Cortisol levels by taking saliva samples immediately after, 15 mins after & 30 mins after playing;
Significantly higher cortical levels in music condition;
Biochemical basis for addiction
Miluk-Kolasa gave stressful news to patients (informing them they’d have to have surgery the next day). What was found in the music listening group as opposed to controls?
Reduced duration of cortisol
Responses to rhythm have 3 components. What are they?
Experiential (perceptual, cognitive, emotional), behavioural (tapping foot or swaying body) & physiological (heart rate, respiration, muscle tension)
What do Berger & Schneck say about rhythm?
It’s intrinsic to the nature of physiologic function; requires no training to be effective; automatically organises the body into a state of entrainment wherein physiologic functions synchronise (e.g. breathing, heart rate, etc)
Staum & Brotons examined the effects of 3 different volume levels of music (soft, medium, loud) on 144 subjects (music/non-music majors) for 27 mins whilst relaxing. How were relaxation responses measured?;
What were the results?
Heart rate monitor & self report;
Males preferred loud music; music majors preferred soft music; heart rate data displayed no difference to varying amplitudes; increase in reported relaxation
Bernadi et al. measured changes in cardiovascular & respiratory responses to tempo, rhythm & pause in music with 12 trained & 12 non-trained musicians. What were the results?;
What was observed with a randomly inserted pause of 2 mins?
Increases in blood pressure, breathing & heart rate in proportion to tempo & complexity of the rhythm;
The greatest evidence of relaxation; decreased blood pressure & heart rate
Music modulates brainstem mediated measures. What does stimulating music produce?;
Brainstem neurons tend to fire in synchrony with what?
Increases in cardiovascular measures;
Tempo
What is the protein secretory immunoglobulin A (S-igA)?What did Kreutz et al. find with a singing group vs. listening to chorale group during 2 rehearsals a wk apart?
It’s the body’s first line of defense & a marker of immune competence;
Singing leads to increase in positive affect & S-igA
What did Leroux et al. (lung infection pts), Leardi et al. (surgery pts) & Nillson et al. (hernia pts) all find when applying music with their patients as opposed to control groups?
Reductions in cortisol levels
When Gerra et al. exposed 18 adolescents to 30 mins of techno or classical music, what was found?
Techno music induced significant physiological & neuro-endocrine changes not found in classical music listening (i.e. HR, BP & cortisol)
Conrad et al. studied 10 critically ill patients to identify mechanisms of music-induced relaxation, using a selection of slow movements of Mozart’s piano sonatas. What were the results?;
What conclusion was drawn from this?
Compared with controls, music application significantly reduced the amount of sedative drugs needed to achieve a comparable degree of sedation;
Some sort of neural pathway by which music exerts a sedative action (based on Mozart’s slow movements)
What was measured in Conrad et al.’s patients?
Circulatory variables, brain electrical activity, serum levels of stress hormones & sedation levels
Loewy studied the effects of which 3 live music interventions on vital signs, feeding & sleeping in 272 premature infants aged 32 wks?;
In what conditions were lower heart rates found?;
What do these results suggest?
Lullaby (singing); entrained breathing sounds (ocean drum); entrained heartbeat sounds (gato box);
During lullaby & heartbeat; after breath sounds;
Sound & lullabies may improve feeding & sucking behaviours, increase prolonged periods of quiet-alert states & enhance bonding
Schwartz, Ritchie, Sacks & Phillips have found music to assist in reduction of stress in neonates to impact on monetary contexts in what way?
Fewer hospital charges; lower respiratory charges; 3.1 days earlier discharge; increase in head circumference
