Physiological Responses

Question 1

According to Bartlett, what physiological responses are measured in research observations or recordings?

Answer 1

Quantifiable bodily reactions that are visceral, motor, muscular, chemical, or centred in the brain

Question 2

List some reasons why measures of physiological responses are used in music therapy

Answer 2

To justify their role in medical contexts; increase understanding of effects of music; develop effective treatment interventions; stimulate wider understanding

Question 3

According to Berger & Schneck, what is music therapy?

Answer 3

A proactive, interactive co-participation between client(s) & therapist which produces & uses musical elements to effect change

Question 4

According to Dileo Maranto, what are some biological goals of music therapy in medical settings?

Answer 4

Influence heart rate, blood pressure, GSR, muscle tension; enhance immune function; facilitate rhythmic & deep breathing; suppress pain; decrease hormone levels

Question 5

According to Dileo Maranto, what are some psychological goals of music therapy in medical settings?

Answer 5

Reduce preoperative anxiety; distract the patient during kidney dialysis; reduce depression; reduce trauma & fear in patients; assist in patient decision making regarding treatment; facilitate support groups among patients; provide social outlet for long-term patients; provide support for families of terminally ill patients

Question 6

List some passive musical experiences used in music therapy;

List some active musical experiences

Answer 6

Listening, reminiscence, anxiolytic, vibrational;

Playing, singing, performance, improvisation, song-writing, lyric/song discussion

Question 7

What are some important concepts cited by Maranto, supporting the use of music therapy in relation to physiological responses to music

Answer 7

Elicits physiological, psychological & cognitive responses; may evoke imagery & associations; potential for entrainment; responses are idiosyncratic/unique & may be interrelated; individual history is important; elements of music influence response; may contribute to stress management

Question 8

List some measures used to monitor physiological response

Answer 8

Electrodermal response/skin conductance response; heart rate & pulse rate; respiration rate; blood pressure; skin temperature; gastric motility; blood oxygen; EEG/EMG; hormone secretion

Question 9

Explain the 3 stages of stress as an adaptive response

Answer 9

Alarm (response to demands of stress producing agent, e.g. increased heart rate/ blood pressure); Resistance (body defends itself to physiological demands); Exhaustion (depletion of energy from prolonged exposure)

Question 10

The endocrine/hormone system consists of 2 sub-systems that have particular functions during exposure to stress. What are they?

Answer 10

Catecholamines (adrenaline & noradrenaline) & Corticosteroids (endorphins, cortisol & immunoglobulin A)

Question 11

Herbert et al. had 52 men play a first person shooter game, either in silence or with techno music for 10 mins. What was measured?;
What were the results?;
What has cortisol secretion been found to contribute to?

Answer 11

Cortisol levels by taking saliva samples immediately after, 15 mins after & 30 mins after playing;
Significantly higher cortical levels in music condition;
Biochemical basis for addiction

Question 12

Miluk-Kolasa gave stressful news to patients (informing them they’d have to have surgery the next day). What was found in the music listening group as opposed to controls?

Answer 12

Reduced duration of cortisol

Question 13

Responses to rhythm have 3 components. What are they?

Answer 13

Experiential (perceptual, cognitive, emotional), behavioural (tapping foot or swaying body) & physiological (heart rate, respiration, muscle tension)

Question 14

What do Berger & Schneck say about rhythm?

Answer 14

It’s intrinsic to the nature of physiologic function; requires no training to be effective; automatically organises the body into a state of entrainment wherein physiologic functions synchronise (e.g. breathing, heart rate, etc)

Question 15

Staum & Brotons examined the effects of 3 different volume levels of music (soft, medium, loud) on 144 subjects (music/non-music majors) for 27 mins whilst relaxing. How were relaxation responses measured?;
What were the results?

Answer 15

Heart rate monitor & self report;
Males preferred loud music; music majors preferred soft music; heart rate data displayed no difference to varying amplitudes; increase in reported relaxation

Question 16

Bernadi et al. measured changes in cardiovascular & respiratory responses to tempo, rhythm & pause in music with 12 trained & 12 non-trained musicians. What were the results?;
What was observed with a randomly inserted pause of 2 mins?

Answer 16

Increases in blood pressure, breathing & heart rate in proportion to tempo & complexity of the rhythm;
The greatest evidence of relaxation; decreased blood pressure & heart rate

Question 17

Music modulates brainstem mediated measures. What does stimulating music produce?;
Brainstem neurons tend to fire in synchrony with what?

Answer 17

Increases in cardiovascular measures;

Tempo

Question 18

What is the protein secretory immunoglobulin A (S-igA)?What did Kreutz et al. find with a singing group vs. listening to chorale group during 2 rehearsals a wk apart?

Answer 18

It’s the body’s first line of defense & a marker of immune competence;
Singing leads to increase in positive affect & S-igA

Question 19

What did Leroux et al. (lung infection pts), Leardi et al. (surgery pts) & Nillson et al. (hernia pts) all find when applying music with their patients as opposed to control groups?

Answer 19

Reductions in cortisol levels

Question 20

When Gerra et al. exposed 18 adolescents to 30 mins of techno or classical music, what was found?

Answer 20

Techno music induced significant physiological & neuro-endocrine changes not found in classical music listening (i.e. HR, BP & cortisol)

Question 21

Conrad et al. studied 10 critically ill patients to identify mechanisms of music-induced relaxation, using a selection of slow movements of Mozart’s piano sonatas. What were the results?;
What conclusion was drawn from this?

Answer 21

Compared with controls, music application significantly reduced the amount of sedative drugs needed to achieve a comparable degree of sedation;
Some sort of neural pathway by which music exerts a sedative action (based on Mozart’s slow movements)

Question 22

What was measured in Conrad et al.’s patients?

Answer 22

Circulatory variables, brain electrical activity, serum levels of stress hormones & sedation levels

Question 23

Loewy studied the effects of which 3 live music interventions on vital signs, feeding & sleeping in 272 premature infants aged 32 wks?;
In what conditions were lower heart rates found?;
What do these results suggest?

Answer 23

Lullaby (singing); entrained breathing sounds (ocean drum); entrained heartbeat sounds (gato box);
During lullaby & heartbeat; after breath sounds;
Sound & lullabies may improve feeding & sucking behaviours, increase prolonged periods of quiet-alert states & enhance bonding

Question 24

Schwartz, Ritchie, Sacks & Phillips have found music to assist in reduction of stress in neonates to impact on monetary contexts in what way?

Answer 24

Fewer hospital charges; lower respiratory charges; 3.1 days earlier discharge; increase in head circumference

Question 25

According to Melnechuk, what does psychoneuroimmunology say?

Answer 25

That the immune system can be importantly influenced by psychological processes & that this can influence psychological processes in return (i.e conscious thought such as imagery strategies, positive thinking, mood & behavioural patterns can influence immune system)

Question 26

What is a receptive music therapy technique?;

What does it involve?

Answer 26

Autogenic relaxation;

Progressive muscle relaxation: intro & breathing, relaxation, listening & coming back