Music Therapy Flashcards
How does the Australian Music Therapy Association (AMTA) define music therapy?
It’s a research based practice & profession in which music is used to actively support people as they strive to improve their health, functioning & wellbeing
How does AMTA extend their definition of music therapy?
Intentional use of music; draws on an extensive body of research; range of music making methods; different from music education/entertainment; supports people of any age/ability, regardless of musical skill, culture/background
What distinguishes MT from education or entertainment?;
Who can benefit from it?
It focuses on therapeutic aims;
Groups, individuals, families & communities
What is Bruscia’s definition of MT?
It’s a systematic process of intervention wherein the therapist helps the client to achieve health, using musical experiences & the relationships that develop through them as dynamic forces of change
In the beginning, Aristotle was interested in…;
Plato was interested in…;
Aesclepladius prescribed music for people with what?
The effect of music on emotions (e.g. catharsis); Balance of the mind & soul; believed music could empower (different modes had specific health benefits; e.g. dorian & phrygian scale for temperance & courage); Mental illness (recommended lying in hammock & listening to soothing music)
What did Caelius Aurelianus warn against;
What restrictions were made on music in the middle ages?;
What did Richard Browne write?
Indiscriminate use of music against madness;
Banning of the tritone (called the devil in music);
Medicina musica (first known book to articulate fundamental principles of MT)
When did the therapeutic effects of music begin to be understood & extended?
In the 20th century with traumatised soldiers in WW1 & 2
Where & when was the first University MT course set up?;
What year was AMTA formed?
1944 at Michigan State University;
1975
Philosophically, which 3 main schools have influenced music therapy clinical practice?
Psychoanalytic (Freud); Behavioural (Skinner, Pavlov); Humanistic (Maslow)
Who were the pioneers in Creative Music Therapy?;
What method plays a large part in their model?
Paul Nordoff & Clive Robbins in 1960;
Piano improvisation
What are the current areas of MT practice in Australia?
Medical care; special education; residential settings; community programs; private practice; stress management/relaxation
What areas is clinical work mostly focused in?
Pain management; psychosocial programs; developmental programs; anxiety reduction; rehabilitation; drug & alcohol; psychiatric disorders
What can MT in neonatal units assist in?;
Music therapy has become part of the way the adolescent unit defines its…
Sedation; physiological stability; developmental stimulation; control auditory environment;
Model of care
For patients with chronic illness, therapists need to understand them developmentally & psychosocially, & to present them opportunities to what?
Develop strong identities & experiences that promote positive coping strategies
What did Daveson say in Empowerment: An intrinsic process & consequence of music therapy practice?
“Through the interplay of creativity & participation, both participants had the opportunity to experience a sense of togetherness & an open space in which to control their creativity & participatory intent”
What do programs in nursing homes aim to achieve?
Reach people through music who are socially isolated; promote quality of life; bring people together (social interaction); cognitive & sensory stimulation (gentle exercise, reminiscence); reality orientation & validation; reduce agitation (dementia, Alzheimer’s)
MT is used in palliative care settings to encourage what?;
What are some of the common methods used?
Life review; resolution of conflicts; integration of experiences & between family support;
Making CD of life review; song writing for: family members, about past experiences & to express emotions
What are 3 types of community programs used in MT?
For older adults (part of program in respite care; brings people from different countries together, encourages motivation); Early intervention (children with difficulties, social/pre-academic/communication skills, physical stimulation); Community mental health (relating to others, motivation, wellbeing)
What is the Bonny Method definition of Guided Imagery & Music (GIM)?
A music-centred transformational therapy using specific programmed music to stimulate & support a dynamic unfolding of inner experiences in service of physical, psychological & spiritual wholeness
What are the 4 main music therapy methods?
Receptive; improvisation; creative/composing; re-creative/performing
What benefits can improvisation have in a MT setting?;
What kind of clients can most benefit from this?
People can find a release for a wide range of feelings & emotions (can be used for individuals or in groups);
Those who need to develop spontaneity, a sense of identity, require opportunities for self-expression, emotional expression & non-verbal expression/communication
What do creative techniques encompass?;
List some examples;
Any technique or musical experience where the music is composed;
Song-writing; writing melodies or sound effects to accompany a story; parodies; song augmentation/song collage; creating a musical play or work
What kind of clients is song-writing commonly used for?
Hospitalised children (means of expressing & understanding their fears); adults dying of cancer (expressing feeling about life & death or parting gift to loved ones); drug & alcohol addicts (examining irrational fears & beliefs or documenting determination to change)
What do re-creative techniques entail?;
What are the most common?;
What can this technique be most effective for?
Re-creating existing, pre-composed music with client or group;
Song singing or playing an instrument;
Building confidence; allows to demonstrate skills; self-expression; choice making; build cohesiveness in dysfunctional family or group; exercise (speech impairments)
According to Bruscia, re-creative techniques are good for clients who need to…
Develop sensorimotor skills; learn adaptive behaviours; maintain reality orientation; master different role behaviours; identify with feelings & ideas of others; work cooperatively towards common goals
What do receptive techniques involve?;
What can this technique be useful for?
Listening to music (may involve relaxation & movement to music);
Attentiveness; reflecting on feelings; reduce anxiety; increase relaxation in medical care/during procedures; heighten awareness & attention; improve awareness & auditory skills; educational lyrics can assist children in learning basic concepts
What other benefits can music listening have?;
How can it assist psychiatric patients?;
What about with elderly individuals?
Can be arousing, energising & reassuring; evoke memories (emotional & psychological responses); regulate breathing patterns, heart rate, pulse; release muscular tension; impact on mood;
Brings ideas & thoughts to the surface that need to be examined & discussed;
Can facilitate structured reminiscence/review of their lives
