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EPPP Psychology Prep > Physiological Psychology & Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology & Psychopharmacology Flashcards

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0
Q

What is asomatognosia?

A

Failure to recognize parts of one’s own body.

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1
Q

What is anosognosia?

A

Failure to recognize one’s own neurological symptoms.

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2
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

An inability to recognize familiar faces.

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3
Q

Which imaging techniques detect only structural abnormalities?

A

X-ray, Computed Tomography (CT) scans, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

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4
Q

Which imaging techniques can detect functional abnormailities?

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single-proton Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and functional MRI (fMRI)

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5
Q

Name the functions of acetylcholine (ACh) and an associated disorder.

A

Regulating voluntary movement, regulating sleep-wake cycle, and memory (implicated in Alzheimer’s dementia).

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6
Q

Name two principal functions of dopamine, and associated disorders (three up, two down).

A

Voluntary movement and mood. Excessive levels (or oversensitivity) implicated in schizophrenia, Tourette’s [Haldol] and addictive disorders. Low levels implicated in depression and Parkinson’s disease.

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7
Q

What are the two principal functions of norepinephrine, and three associated disorders?

A

Alarm (“Fight-or-flight” response) and mood. Associated disorders: Mania, depression, and schizophrenia.

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8
Q

What does the dopamine hypothesis mean?

A

The notion that an overabundance of dopamine is associated with schizophrenia.

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9
Q

What does the catecholamine hypothesis mean?

A

The association of depression with a deficiency of norepinephrine.

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10
Q

What are the five principal functions of serotonin?

A

Hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, and mood.

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11
Q

What is the principal function of GABA, and what are three associated disorders?

A

Inhibitory function; associated with sleep disorders, eating disorders, and seizure disorders. (Implicated in substance withdrawal as well).

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12
Q

What is the major function of glutamate, and what are four disorders in which it is implicated?

A

Learning and memory. Excessive levels implicated in stroke-related damage, seizures, Huntington’s disease, and Alzheimer’s dementia.

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13
Q

What is “excitotoxicity”?

A

An excessive level of glutamate.

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14
Q

What is the primary function of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)?

A

Awareness, arousal, and attention. (Damage can cause confusion, delirium, stupor, or coma).

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15
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located, and what does it control?

A

In the hypothalamus. It controls circadian rhythms and seasonal cycles, and affects immune response. (Connected to pineal gland).

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16
Q

Where are the mammillary bodies located, and what is their function?

A

In the hypothalamus. They play a role in memory.

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17
Q

What are the three parts of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.

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18
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia, and what disorders are associated with abnormalities in these structures?

A

Organizing and coordinating voluntary movements. Abnormalities are associated with Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, and Tourette’s, as well as OCD, ADHD, and schizophrenia.

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19
Q

What symptoms are part of Kluver-Bucy syndrome in primates?

A

Docility (reduced fear, reduced aggression), hypersexuality, oral compulsions, altered eating habits, and psychic blindness.

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20
Q

Damage in what areas leads to Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

Amygdala and temporal lobes (Bilaterally).

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21
Q

What are the principal functions of the amygdala?

A

Emotional reactivity, and attaching emotion to memory.

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22
Q

What are the functions of the hippocampus?

A

Spatial, visual, and verbal memory.

23
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

Temporal lobe.

24
Q

Name six disorders associated with abnormal levels of serotonin (Three up, three down).

A

Elevated levels associated with autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia.
Low levels associated with depression, (including suicidal behavior), obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bulimia.

25
Q

Where is the visual cortex located?

A

The occipital lobe.

26
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

Parietal lobe.

27
Q

What disorders are linked to abnormalities of the hippocampus?

A

Abnormalities or small hippocampal size are associated with problems with declarative memory, depression, and PTSD.

28
Q

What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system, and what systems do they innervate?

A

Autonomic - glands, internal organs, and digestive system.

Somatic - Voluntary muscles.

29
Q

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, and their primary functions?

A

Sympathetic - Arousal, “Fight-or-flight” response, energy output
Parasympathetic - Relaxation, homeostasis, digestion.

30
Q

Give an example of a function that can involve the operation of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system at the same time.

A

Sexual activity.

31
Q

Damage to the hypothalamus can cause what type of memory problem?

A

Anterograde amnesia (Inability to form new memories).

32
Q

Left contralateral neglect can result from damage to what area?

A

Right parietal lobe.

33
Q

Which cortical area is involved in short-term memory, and which in long-term memory?

A

Short-term: Frontal lobe; long-term: Temporal lobe.

34
Q

Gerstmann’s Syndrome, which involves damage to the left parietal lobe, has what four symptoms?

A

Right-left confusion
Agraphia or dysgraphia (Can’t write or writes with great difficulty)
Acalculia or dyscalculia (Can’t do arithmetic)
Finger agnosia (Can’t distinguish own fingers on one’s hand)

35
Q

Prosopagnosia usually involves damage to what area of the brain?

A

Occipital lobe.

36
Q

Achromatopsia indicates a problem with what area?

A

The retina of the eye, specifically the cones. Hereditary - not a neurological disorder.

37
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

In the frontal cortex, in the dominant hemisphere.

38
Q

What type of signals are passed through the thalamus?

A

Sight, hearing, taste (to the cortex and back).

Smell is NOT handled through the thalamus.

39
Q

What disorder results from long-term damage to the thalamus?

A

Korsakoff’s psychosis, resulting from thiamin deficiency associated with long-term alcohol abuse and poor nutrition.

40
Q

What type of speech disorder results from damage to Broca’s area?

A

Expressive aphasia - The individual can’t physically produce speech, gets frustrated.

41
Q

What type of speech disorder results from damage to Wernicke’s area?

A

Receptive aphasia - comprehension deficiency, “word salad.” Unaware of not making sense, smiles.

42
Q

What speech disorder results from damage to the arcuate fasciculus?

A

Conduction aphasia, in which the words come out garbled but the individual is aware of it (and frustrated).

43
Q

What are three stages of stress response, according to Hans Selye?

A

Alarm (Adrenaline), Resistance (ACh, ACTH, cortisol), and Exhaustion.

44
Q

If memory is starting to return following a traumatic brain injury, what memories will return first?

A

The oldest memories first.

45
Q

95% of strokes involve what?

A

The middle cerebral artery, which lies close to both sensory and motor areas.

46
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Difficulty recalling already-stored memories.

47
Q

What proportion of people with Parkinson’s disease go on to develop dementia?

A

Half.

48
Q

What autoimmune disorder attacks ACh receptors and results in neuromuscular dysfunction?

A

Myasthenia gravis.

49
Q

Excessive glutamate receptor activity, also called __________, can lead to seizures and may contribute to brain damage related to _______.

A

Excitotoxicity, stroke.

50
Q

Endorphins may contribute to _____________ by preventing the release of a hormone called _____________.

A

Analgesia, “Substance P.”

51
Q

What excitatory neurotransmitter is involved in LTP (long term potentiation) in the formation of memories?

A

Glutamate.

52
Q

Name three neurotransmitters classified as catecholamines.

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

53
Q

Which neurotransmitter’s receptor sites are likely involved in nicotine’s positive effect on learning and memory?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh), at the nicotinic receptor sites.

54
Q

What is apoptosis and when does it occur?

A

The death of excess neurons during prenatal and postnatal development, which serves to “fine tune” the central nervous system.

55
Q

CT and MRI are _____________ neuro-imaging techniques, while PET, SPECT, and fMRI are _______________ neuro-imaging techniques.

A

Structural, functional.

EPPP Psychology Prep (7 decks)

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