Clinical Psychology

Question 0

Of the Vienna circle, by what age did each theorist believe personality is formed?

Answer 0

Freud: by age 5; Adler: by age 6, Jung: not until midlife (40-45)

Question 1

What defense mechanism is illustrated by the boy whose fear of horses resulted from his fear of his father?

Answer 1

Displacement (“Little Hans”)

Question 2

In Object Relations theory, when does the child realize that he or she is separate from other figures in his or her life?

Answer 2

By age 4-5 months.

Question 3

Which type of personality theorist would reject a medical model in which a person must be diagnosed in order to be treated?

Answer 3

Humanistic, especially phenomenological (e.g., Carl Rogers, Fritz Perls)

Question 4

Which theoretical approach was developed to deal only with the diagnosis of major depression, and from what two approaches does it incorporate elements?

Answer 4

Interpersonal therapy, which combines elements of cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapies.

Question 5

What are three major principles of solution-focused therapy?

Answer 5

1. The client is the expert.
2. Play to the client’s strengths.
3. Look for exceptions.

Question 6

What are the two approaches needed in the initial two stages of Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical model?

Answer 6

Global goals and consciousness-raising (Precontemplative and contemplative stages)

Question 7

How soon is the client likely to make changes when entering the contemplative and preparation stages of the transtheoretical model?

Answer 7

Contemplative: six months
Preparation: one month

Question 8

In Bowenian family therapy, the therapist will focus on which family member when working individually?

Answer 8

The most differentiated family member.

Question 9

What are the names of the three stages of structural family therapy, according to Minuchin?

Answer 9

1. Joining (mimesis) in which the therapist acts similarly to family members
2. Enactment, in which the therapist observes how the family operates and who has power (mapping)
3. Unbalancing, in which the therapist fosters changes in the family structure and power balance.

Question 10

How does Minuchin unbalance the family?

Answer 10

Manipulates the mood and escalates the stress.

Question 11

What are four common problem areas focused upon in Interpersonal Therapy?

Answer 11

Role disputes, role transitions, unresolved grief, interpersonal deficits.

Question 12

What is the guiding principle of Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical model as applied to psychotherapy?

Answer 12

The therapist’s interventions must match the client’s stage of change.

Question 13

Name a constructivist personality theory.

Answer 13

George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory.

Question 14

What are three key concepts from Murray Bowen’s Extended Family Systems Therapy?

Answer 14

Differentiation of self
Emotional Triangles
Multigenerational transmission process

Question 15

What therapy approach most often makes use of genograms?

Answer 15

Murray Bowen’s Extended Family Systems Therapy.

Question 16

Name two key concepts of dysfunction in Salvador Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy, and how they affect families.

Answer 16

Boundaries (may be too rigid or too diffuse)
Rigid Triads (detouring, stable coalition, triangulation)

These prevent the family from responding appropriately (adapting) to stress.

Question 17

What were Eysenck’s (1952) results on psychotherapy research, and what different results were found by Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980)?

Answer 17

Eysenck looked at eclectic therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and no therapy and found that improvement rates were 66%, 44%, and 72% respectively. Smith, Glass, and Miller looked at treatment vs. no treatment and found that therapy clients showed 80% greater levels of improvement than clients who did not receive treatment.

Question 18

What were Howard, et al’s (1986) three most striking results for dose dependent effects in psychotherapy?

Answer 18

50% showed marked improvement after 8 sessions (Remoralization)
75% showed marked improvement after 26 sessions (Remediation)
85% showed marked improvement at 52 sessions. (Rehabilitation)

Question 19

What is the term for the effect in which one major diagnosis leads to a clinician’s attributing all symptoms to that diagnosis rather than looking for additional diagnoses?

Answer 19

Diagnostic overshadowing.

Question 20

Name the four levels of identification with majority/minority culture in Berry’s acculturation model.

Answer 20

IDENTIFICATION Low Minority High Minority
Low Majority Marginalization Separation
High Majority Assimilation Integration

Question 21

Distinguish emic from etic approaches.

Answer 21

Emic: Culture specific, point of view from within culture
Etic: Universalistic, point of view from outside culture.

Question 22

Define Wrenn’s (1964) concept of Cultural Encapsulation.

Answer 22

Therapist views things from his or her own worldview, and has rigid (stereotyped) notions of cultural issues and therapeutic techniques.

Question 23

Name the stages in Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model.

Answer 23

Conformity (Prefers dominant [majority] group over own)
Dissonance (Conflicting attitudes about own/dominant groups)
Resistance and Immersion (Prefers own/rejects dominant group)
Introspection (Is concerned about inflexible attitudes re: groups)
Integrative awareness (Accepts cultural values by examining)

Question 24

Name the stages in Cross’s Black Racial (Negrescence) Identity Development Model.

Answer 24

Pre-encounter (Race of little salience, and may have internalized racist beliefs)
Encounter (An event or events lead to greater awareness of racism)
Immersion-Emersion (Race high salience, begins developing Black identity)
Internalization (Race still highly salient, adopts black nationalist, biculturalist, or multiculturalist identity)

Question 25

Name the statuses in Helms’ White Racial Identity Model.

Answer 25

Contact (Lack of racial awareness)
Disintegration (Increased awareness of differences, conflict)
Reintegration (Sticking with the majority views/values)
Pseudo-independence (Questions racist beliefs/values)
Immersion-emersion (Replaces racist beliefs with reality)
Autonomy (Internalizes non-racist white identity)

Question 26

What is the general rule regarding the handling of affect in therapy as it relates to level of acculturation?

Answer 26

For clients who are less acculturated, strong affect can be shaming, especially when not accorded respect.

Question 27

What are two key findings about the use of cuento therapy with Latino/a clients?

Answer 27

Folktales should be from the traditions of the country of origin. They should be translated into the language most commonly used by the client, but they should be designated as being from the country of origin.