Physiological Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Who was Franz Gall? What was his contribution physiological psychology?
A
- Behaviour, intellect, and personality might be linked to brain anatomy
- doctrine or phrenology-> if a trait is well-developed, that part of the brain would expand into a bulge. Proven false, but inspired Flourens
2
Q
Who was the first person to study the functions of major sections of brain?
A
Flourens. Extirpation->Surgically removed various parts of the brain, observed beh consequences. Removal led to weakening of whole brain
3
Q
Who came up with the school of functionalism?
A
William James. Studied how how mental processes help adaptation to environment
4
Q
John Dewey believed in what aspect of functionalism?
A
Psychology should focus on organism as a whole, and its environmental adaptation
5
Q
What did Broca discover in relation to brain damage?
A
Behavioural deficits could be linked with specific brain lesions.
E.G -> can’t talk is due to left side of brain called Broca’s area
6
Q
What is a famous example that prove Broca’s theory right?
A
Phineas Gage had an iron rod go through his prefrontal cortex, and had a change in personality from energetic to intolerable.
7
Q
Which scientist first suggested that the nervous system underlies behaviour?
A
Muller. Law of specific nerve energies, where each nerve is excited by one kind of energy, and sensation depends on the part of brain that nerves stimulate.
8
Q
Who was the first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse in terms of reacton?
A
Helmholtz.
9
Q
Charles Sherrington first inferred the existence of what?
A
Synapses. What was wrong in the sense that synaptic transmission was an electrical process, in fact it’s chemical.
10
Q
Describe the three kinds of nerve cells in the nervous system and their function
A
Sensory neurons (Afferent)->Transmit sensory info from receptors to–> spinal cord + brain
Motor neurons (Efferent)-> Transmit motor info from the brain to–> spinal cord + muscles
Interneurons-> Between other neurons. Most numerous. Located in Brain + spinal cord linked to reflexive behavior.
11
Q
Behavior that is crucial to survival is controlled by —–.
A
Reflexes
12
Q
In terms of the reflex arc, What happens when you almost stepped foot on a nail?
A
Receptors in the foot detect pain->Pain signal transmitted by sensory neurons to spinal cord->Sensory neurons connect to interneurons->Interneurons Transmit info to the motor neurons->Tell your foot to step away from the nail
13
Q
Defined the 2 primary components of the nervous system
A
Central->Composed of the brain + spinal cord
peripheral->Composed of somatic + autonomic NS–>
ANS itself is divided to->Parasympathetic + Sympathetic NS
14
Q
Describe the somatic nervous system + what it consists
A
SNS Has sensory and motor neurons in skin + muscles
Sensory neurons–>Afferent fibres ascend up to the brain
Motor neurons-> Efferent fibres exit the brain + spinal cord to go to muscles
15
Q
Who was the pioneer with regard to autonomic nervous system?
A
Walter Cannon
16
Q
What is the function of ANS?
A
Regulate heartbeat, respiration, Digestion, Glandular Secretion, body temperature. Manages overall involuntary functions
17
Q
What do sympathetic and parasympathetic NS do?
A
They’re antagonistic.
Parasympathetic-> uses neurotransmitter Acetylcholine to conserve energy, Resting, Sleeping, Reducing heart + respiration rate, manages digestion.
Sympathetic->Uses the neurotransmitter Adrenaline. Fight or flight response. Increased heart rate blood sugar, pupil dilation
18
Q
Describe the three subdivisions of the human Brain
A
Hindbrain->Balance, Motor coordination, breathing, digestion, arousal, sleeping/waking
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)-> Sensory motor reflexes promoting survival
forebrain->Perceptual cognitive + behavioral processes, Emotion + memory.
19
Q
Which part of the brain has the greatest influence on human behavior?
A
The forebrain
20
Q
What are the components of the brainstem?
A
Most primitive region of the brain. Made up of the hindbrain and the midbrain.
21
Q
What is the limbic system responsible for?
A
Group of neural structures associated with emotion + memory i.e Aggression, Fear, Pleasure.
22
Q
What is the cerebral cortex?
A
Outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres. Is Associated with language, Problem solving, Impulse control, Long-term planning.
23
Q
What is the term for evolutionary development?
A
phylogeny
24
Q
What is the medula oblongata? (in the hindbrain)
A
Lower brain structure responsible for regulating vital functions i.e Breathing.
25
What are the pons and the cerebellum? (in the hindbrain)
Pons->lies above medulla, contains sensory + motor tracts btw cotex and medulla
cerebellum-> helps maintain posture and balance coordinates body movement
26
What is the function of the reticular formation (3 A's) (in the hindbrain)
Extends from hindbrain to midbrain composed of interconnected nuclei regulating arousal and alertness and attention (3 A's)
27
What are the two prominent nuclei in the midbrain?
Superior colliculus->Receive visual sensory input
| Inferior colliculus-> Receives auditory sensory info
28
What is the thalamus responsible for? (in the forebrain)
In the forebrain. Important relay station for incoming sensory info, Except for smell. And sorts out info + relays them to the appropriate areas of cerebral cortex
29
What is the hypothalamus responsible for? (in the forebrain) the 4 Fs
Arousal, Hormonal functions + Homeostatic functions discovered by Walter Cannon-> Self regulatory processes to reach equilibrium. e.g Metabolism temperature and water balance
Fighting fleeing feeding and sexual function
30
What is the hypothalamus subdivided to? (forebrain)
(LAV)
Lateral->Hunger center-Lesions lead to aphasia (i.e lack of hunger)
Ventromedial->Satiety center. lead to hyperphagia (i.e Very hungry)
Anterior->Sexual activity. lead to inhibition of sexual activity (i.e asexuality)
31
What is osmoregulation?
Then maintenance of water balance in The body performed by Osmo receptors in the hypothalamus
32
How did researchers find the hypothalamus role in rage, sex, and fighting?
Research conducted with cats where Their cerebral cortex + hypothalamus was removed. Causing them to become aggressive + Unable to defend, not interested in sex.
33
What is the basal ganglia? (in forebrain)
Coordinates muscle movement and relays this info to brain + spinal cord via extrapyramidal motor system
34
What does the extrapyramidal motor system do?
gathers info about body position relays it to brain + spinal cord. Help make our movements smooth + posture steady.
35
What are two chronic diseases associated with the basal ganglia?
Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia (large ventricles)
36
What are the ventricles in the midbrain?
Fluid-filled cavities linking up with spinal canal + running down middle of spinal cord. filled with cerebrospinal fluid
37
What is the limbic system? What are the three Structures included In the system?
Second major area of the brain to evolve. Interconnected structures looped in the Brain. Associated with emotion + memory. Includes Septal nuclei, Amygdala, And hippocampus.
38
What are the primary functions of the structures in the limbic system?
Septal nuclei->Pleasure center. Olds and Milner. Inhibits aggression. Lesion Produces a septal rage
Amygdala-> Defensive and aggressive behavior. Kluver and Bucy. Lesions produce docility and hypersexual state
hippocampus-> Memory. Lesions produce anterograde amnesia
39
Who is patient H.M?
Patient whose amygdala and hippocampus was removed to control epileptic seizures but ended up Losing memories for anything new (anterograde amnesia)
40
Describe the two halves of the Cerebral cortex and it's four lobes
Also called neocortex. Has numerous bumps + folds called convulsions. has 2 cerebral hemispheres and 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal. (POFT)
41
what are the two basic regions of the frontal lobe?
The motor cortex + The prefrontal lobe (cortex)-> Executive function. Supervises the operations of regions Associated with perception memory Emotion impulse control and long-term planning.
42
What is an association area. Give example?
An area that combines input from diverse brain regions. e.g Prefrontal cortex
43
What is the projection area. Give example?
Receive incoming sensory information or send out motor impulse commands. e.g Motor cortex That sends out motor commands to the muscles
44
How much of the cortex is devoted to association areas as opposed to projection areas?
In humans more association areas than projection area
45
Prefrontal lobotomy was used to treat what disorder?
Schizophrenia. A scalpel was inserted through a hole in the skull to disconnect prefrontal lobe from the limbic system + hypothalamus Which are associated with mood + emotion
46
Describe how Motor neurons are connected to your foot
motor neurons are connected to the toes of the opposite foot. There is an orderly sequence of cells corresponding to first the foot, then the legs, and the torso, the hands, face etc.
47
What is the third part of The frontal lobe?
Broca's area. Important for speech production. Found in the dominant hemisphere (Left).
48
Where is the parietal lobe Located?
Rear of the frontal lobe.
49
What is the somatosensory cortex and where is it located?
Located in the parietal lobe. Sometimes referred to as the sensory motor cortex due to its close relation to the motor cortex. Destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch pressure temperature and pain.
50
What region of the brain is responsible for spatial processing and manipulation?
The central region of the parietal lobe. Allows you to orient yourself in 3-D space And read maps.
51
What is the occipital lobe and where is it located?
At the very end of the brain. contains visual cortex (striate cortex).
52
What is the temporal lobe associated with?
Associated with the auditory cortex + wernike's area (language and comprehension).
53
Do the lobes have independent functioning?
Not independent. often a sensory modality is represented in more than one area
54
When do we say a cerebral hemisphere communicates contra-laterally?
When one side of the brain communicates with the opposite side of the body
55
When do we say a cerebral hemisphere communicates ipsilatterally?
When Cerebral hemispheres communicate with the same side of the body
56
It is estimated that the left hemisphere is dominant in about ----Percent of all people
97%
57
The dominant hemisphere (Left) Is primarily ---- In function, Making in well suited for managing -----.
analytic in function. managing details.
58
Language logic and math skills are all located in the----sphere
Dominant
59
------Area has been determined as the articulation centre of the brain, Controlling the muscles necessary for speech production.
Broca's area
60
Wernike's area is the ---- Center for both spoken and written language, Receiving input from ----, and ----- Cortex
Comprehension. Auditory. Visual.
61
The non-dominant hemisphere serves a less prominent role in language, But is more sensitive to which functions?
The emotional tone of spoken language, allowing us to recognize when other people are happy depressed or anxious
62
The non-dominant hemisphere is also associated with ---- and ---- and ----
Intuition, creativity, Music and spatial processing
63
Who are the two scientist to study the effects of serving the corpus callosum?
Sperry and Gazzaniga. Also came up with a split brain phenomena-> Each hemisphere had its own function that was not accessible to the other
64
What is the corpus callosum?
allows the sharing of information between the two hemispheres in a coordinated fashion
65
What are the four basic parts of Neurons? (D-CAT)
The cell body (soma), Dendrites, Axons, Terminal buttons
66
The cell body contains -----Of the cell, Making it the neuron's -----
Nucleus of the cell, energy centre.
67
Dendrites branch out from the cell body to receive information from other neurons via----
Postsynaptic receptors
68
External stimulation of the dendrites can lead to what?
Lead Nuron to fire or generate an electrical impulse
69
The end of axons branch out into numerous terminal buttons each containing ------- Filled with -------
Tiny vesicles or sacs, Filled with neurotransmitters
70
What are neurotransmitters? What is their role in the transformation of chemical energy to electrical energy?
they are chemical substances that vesicles release whenever the neuron fires. Allow transmitters to flow into the tiny space separating terminal buttons of one neuron from the dendrites of adjacent neurons
71
What is the synapse?
A tiny gap for all the information passing between neurons by neuoransmitters
72
What are gilial cells?
Insulate axons by enclosing individual axons in a protective myelin sheath
-->insulates nerve fibers from one another + improves the Speed of an impulse
73
What are the main differences between dendrites and axons?
1) Most axons are myelinated, dendrites are not myelinated
2) Axons remain unchanging, dendrites change throughout lifetime
3) Axons cannot regenerate, dendrites regenerate
4) Axons are communication Avenues dendrites are receptors of info
74
Neural conduction within the neurons is a -----Process, Neural transmission between the neurons is a ---- process
Electrical, Chemical
75
What type of Conduction dendrites have?
Graded potentials. namely EPSP, IPSP
76
The resting potential Is a slight -----, Stored inside the neuron's ------, a charge just waiting to be transformed into nerve impulse. It is present when the neuron is at rest.
Electrical charge, inside the neuron's cell membrane.
77
What is the cell membrane?
It is a thin layer of fatty molecules that separates the inside of the neuron from the outside. The membrane is semipermeable + it allows some substances to pass through.
78
What are ions?
Small electrically charged particles that pass through the cell membrane If they are small enough. They can either have a positive or negative charge. When charged particles are separated neuron resting
79
The charge outside of a neuron is more ---- than the inside of the neuron. This results in a net ---- charge inside the neuron, causing it to be -----
Positive. Negative. Polarized
80
What is the function of the sodium Potassium Pump?
Potassium and sodium ions are Positively charged. So to maintain the resting potential (negative charge inside the cell membrane) The cell membrane has to actively pump the positively charged sodium ionx back outside + keep the potassium ions inside
81
The complete firing of the neuron is a four stage event that includes: (HARD)
Resting potential, Depolarization, Action potential spike, hyperpolarization
82
Whatever a cell membrane is at its resting potential we say that it is -----
Polarized about -70 millivolts
83
When a Significant stimulus causes the membrane potential to increase to the threshold potential we say that it is -----
Depolarized (Actual firing of the neuron) at -50 millivolts
84
Upon reaching depolarization the membrane produces a rapid electrical pulse called ----
Action potential spike. Which occurs when the cell membrane's charge suddenly becomes positive due to the rush of positively charged sodium ions
85
The cell membrane switching back to a negative charge by letting positively charged potassium ions Back outside the cell membrane is defined as ----
Repolarization
86
Due to the restoration of the membranes negative charge happening so quickly, the membrane overshoots its original negative charge from the resting potential And causes ----
Hyperpolarization (cell is repolarized too much). But its internal voltage calms down after the cell membrane becomes resistant once again to inflow of positive sodium charges--> returns gradually to original resting potential
87
What is a refractory period?
the interval during which an action potential is triggered, so the neuron can't fire again until firing cycle is completed. This period is divided into 2 stages.
88
What are the 2 stages of a refractory period?
Absolute RP-> period corresponding to depolarization (inrush of sodium ions), in which the neuron is completely unresponsive to additional stimulation
Relative RP-> period during the action potential spike corresponds to repolarization (potassium ions rush out)
89
What is the all or nothing law?
once action potentials are triggered, they all reach the same voltage (+35 mV) regardless of the intensity of the stimulation that triggered it
90
the action potential originates at the ------, a small elevation on a neuron where the axon meets the cell body
Axon hillock
91
what is graded potential?
Intensity proportional to external stimulation. At axon hillock, graded potential in cell body is converted into all or nothing potential of axon.
92
what is saltatory conduction?
the efficient conduction along a myelinated axon
93
the myelin sheath along the axon is not continuous; it has gaps called ---- where the axon is unmyelinated, and where depolarization occurs.
Nodes of Ranvier
94
at the end of the axon are ----. when an action potential reaches the terminal buttons, it triggers the release of ------
Terminal buttons. Neurotransmitters
95
the space in between the terminal button and the dendrite of an adjacent neuron is called -----and the membrane of the terminal button that faces it is called ----- that contains tiny sacks callled -----
synapse or synaptic cleft. presynaptic membrane. vesicles
96
the other side of the synapse, within the dendrite is the ---of the adjacent neuron that has receptors in it
postsynaptic membrane
97
What are the 3 things that can happen to neurotransmitters within the synapse?
1) they can attach themselves to receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane
2) remain in the synapse, get destroyed and washed away by biochemical substances
3) drawn back into the vesicles of terminal buttons via reuptake
98
binding between a neurotransmitter and receptor is like what analogy?
a right neurotransmitter key fitting into the receptor site lock
99
When the postsynaptic potential (tiny electrical charge following binding of neruotrans to receptors) makes it more likely that neuron will fire, it is called -----, whereas when it is less likely to fire, it is called -----
Excitatory PSP. Inhibitory PSP.
100
PSP in dendrites are graded potentials. This means that their voltage ----
can vary in intensity, and are not subject to all or nothing law that characterizes action potentials in axons. Instead, depends on how much the receptor sites are stimulated by neurotransmitters
101
The more transmitters bind to receptor sites, the PSP will be ---
stronger
102
What was Eric Kandel's subject of study?
studied simple neural networks in aplysia (sea snails) during the process of habituation where they would learn to ignore the stimulation of their gills. Changes in synaptic transmission underlie changes in behaviour.
103
Neurotransmitter acetylcholine is found in:
CNS-> linked to Alzheimer's, due to loss of this in neurons connecting with the hippocampus
Peripheral NS-> in parasympathetic NS, this is used to transmit nerve impulses to muscles
104
What are the 3 categories of catecholamines or monoamines/biogenic amines?
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine. All play important roles in the experience of emotions
105
Describe norepinephrine/noreadrenaline
involved in controlling alertness/wakefulness. Implicated in mood disorders i.e depression/mania (euphoria and impaired judgement)
106
Describe dopamine
involved in movement and posture in basal ganglia. Imbalance in dopamine causes schizophrenia and parkinson's disease (resting tremors + jerky movements)
107
What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
delusions, hallucinations, agitation associated with schizo arise from too much/oversensitivity to dopamine.
E.g amphetamine, a drug that enhances action of dopamine may cause amphetamine psychosis/schizo if overused.
E.g phenothiazines reduce sensitivity to dopamine which prevent schizo symptoms.
108
what is tardive dyskinesia?
side effect of antipsychotic medication when patients show motor disturbances similar to parkinson's
109
To battle the blood-brain-barrier issue that prevented oral ingestion of dopamine for parkinson patients, what drug was introduced?
L-Lopa, a synthetic substance that increases dopamine levels in brain
110
serotonin, a loosely classified monoamine, plays what role?
regulating mood, eating, sleeping and arousal, depression (undersupply), mania (oversupply). inspired the production of SSRIs e.g prozac
111
monoamine theory of depression describes:
oversupply of norepinephrine and serotonin causing mania, and their undersupply causing depression
112
What is GABA?
Neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials + role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain by causing hyperpolarization in postsynaptic membrane
113
Peptides are -----
2+ amino acids joined together and involved in neurotransmission. neuromodulators/neuropeptides are slow, and have longer effects on postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters
114
What is endorphine?
Natural painkiller produced in brain. Important peptide, similar effect to morphine and other opiates.
115
What is psychopharmacology?
subdiscipline of physiological psychology, science of how drugs affect behavior.
116
what are sedative-hypnotic drugs/depressants?
act to slow down the functioning of the CNS, reduce anxiety (low dose), produce sedation (medium), induce anesthesia or coma (high). They are synergistic or addictive in effect.
117
What are benzodiazepines and barbiturates?
facilitate/enhance action of GABA, stabilize brain activity sedate and reduce anxiety. E.g valium is a benzo drug
118
What is Koraskoff's syndrome?
disturbances in memory such as anterograde amnesia (loss of any new memory) due to alchohol abuse (not directly, but as a result of vitamin B1 thiamin deficiency)
119
What are behavioural stimulants?
class of drugs that increase beh activity, by increasing motor activity or counteracting fatigue.
120
What are some examples of behavioural stimulants?
Amphetamines-> speed up the CNS in a way that mimics the action of SNS. Stimulate receptors for dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
Antidepressants-> treat clinical depression, elevate mood, increase activity, appetite and sleep pattern
121
What are two types of antidepressants?
Tricyclic antidepressants-> facilitate the transmission of norepinephrine and serotonin, they suppress the action of MAO enzyme, to increase the two chemicals
SSRIs-> inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, and increase serotonin supply at the synapse
122
What is methylphenidate?
Also called Ritalin, it's an amphetamine meant to treat ADHD
123
What are some major anti psychotic drugs?
Haldol, Thorazine, chlorpromazine, phenothiazine. Effective in treating the delusional thinking hallucinations and agitations associated with schizophrenia. Block receptor sites for dopamine, so that transmitter cannot bind to postsynaptic membrane
124
What does lithium carbonate treat?
Bipolar disorder, Highs and lows. 70-90% symptoms eliminated
125
What are three main narcotics?
Opium, heroine and morphine. Alleviate pain by mimicking the effects of naturally occurring painkillers such as endorphin
126
What are psychedelics?
Mixed class of drugs that alter sensory perception and cognitive processes
127
What is the endocrine system?
Internal communication network that uses chemical messengers called hormones (slower than neurotransmitters). Involved in slow and continuous bodily processes e.g fight or flight, sexual arousal etc.
128
The hypothalamus works directly with the ---- Which is the master gland of the endocrine system
Pituitary gland. Secretes various hormones into the bloodstream the travel to other endocrine glands to activate them
129
What are the two main parts of the pituitary gland?
anterior->master gland. releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands. Controlled by the hypothalamus
and the posterior pituitary gland.
130
hormones regulated by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary also play a role in -----
Initiating maintaining and halting development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
131
What are primary sex characteristics?
Present at birth. gonads (ovaries + testes) and external genetalia
132
What are secondary sex characteristics?
Do not appear until puberty (big boobs + hips for F, facial hair + deep voice for M)
133
Describe sexual development
X chromosome + Y chromosome. Embryo always inherit an extra X from the mother but may inherit either an extra X or Y from the father. 2 X= F, XY= M. Genetic sex determined upon fertilization
134
Male development requires the presence of hormones called ---
androgens (testostrone) and if fetus can't use androgens, development will have a female pattern regardless of genetic sex (Androgen insensitivity syndrome)
135
What are gonadotropic hormones?
Chemical messengers that activate dramatic increase in production of hormones by the testes or ovaries (stimulate sperm and estrogen)
136
What is the FSH hormone?
It's a hormone produced the pituitary gland Stimulates the growth of an ovarian follicle (Small protective sphere surrounding the egg or ovum)
137
What is the LH hormone?
Associated with ovulation->the release of the eggs from one of the ovaries->Secretion of estrogen (Maturation) and progesterone (Implantation of the fertilized egg)
138
What is neuropsychology?
The study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain. Applied to research settings
139
Name a method for studying brain and behaviour?
Using stereotaxic instruments to locate brain areas when electrodes are implanted to make lesions or stimulate nerve cell activity.
140
What approach was used by Wilder Penfield before brain operations?
he stimulated the patient's cortex with an electrode, which led to individual neurons to fire, activating the processes associated with those neurons
141
Electrical stimulation and recording of neurons is----
used to study activity of individual nerve cells
142
noninvasive imaging and recording techniques----
methods used with living human subjects in physiological psychology
143
EEG, rCBF, PET are----
different devices used to indicate activity in various parts of the human brain at a given time.
EEG-> placing electrodes on surface of head to see patterns of electrical activity
rCBF-> detects pattern of neural activity using blow flow to different parts of the brain
PET-> detects radioactivity in the bloodstream
144
Computer axial Tomography (CAT) are---
Devices used to review structures of the brain in the living person
145
Who is L.R Luria?
Russian neurologist who studies how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory motor and language functions
146
Damage or removal of the hippocampus is associated with ----
with anterograde amnesia
147
Visual perception is registered in the----- area of the visual cortex, whereas----- is processed in nearby association areas
projection area, recognition
148
What is aphasia?
Impairment of language functions.
Broca's aphasia-> disturbs ability to produce language
Wernike's aphasia->disturbs ability to understand language
149
What is agnosia?
Impairment in perceptual recognition of objects
visual agnosia-> disturbs visual recognition
Tactile agnosia-> disturbs tactile (touch) recognition
150
What is amnesia?
Impairment of memory functions
anterograde amnesia-> disturbs memory for events after brain injuries
retrograde amnesia-> disturbs memory for events before brain injury occurs
151
What is apraxia?
Impairment of skilled motor movements
152
What are some neurocognitive disorders?
neurological disorders characterized by a loss in intellectual functioning. i.e parkinson, huntington (loss of motor control), Alzheimer
153
What are circadian rhythms?
24 hour cycle that is somewhat affected by external cues i.e night and day, but only if there is an alternation between light and dark.
154
describe the stages of sleep:
Awake- beta waves- person is alert- fast EEG activity
alpha waves- person is awake but relaxed (eyes closed)- slower EEG activity
stage 1- theta waves- person is drifting from wakefulness into sleep, muscles are still active and may twitch, hypnagogic hallucinations may occur
stage 2- theta waves- person is lightly sleeping, EEG activity shows "sleep spindles" and K complexes appear
stage 3- delta waves- person is more deeply asleep, progressively slower EEG activity, and steeper sleep spindles
stage 4- delta waves- person is in deepest sleep, slowest EEG activity and steepest sleep spindles, relaxed muscle tone, slow breathing + heart rate
REM- "paradoxical sleep", fast but irregular EEG, similar to alpha waves, relaxed muscles, dreaming
155
James and Lange proposed what theory?
Theory of emotions. We recognize emotions based on how our body reaction. "feel sorry cuz we cry, angry cuz we strike, afraid cuz we tremble"
156
Cannon and Bard proposed what theory?
Cannon-Bard theory. Emotions reflect physiological arousal of the ANS and specific neural circuits in the brain
157
Schnachter and Singer proposed what theory?
Two-factor theory of emotions. Unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on mental response to environmental stimulation.
158
What is "REM Rebound"?
people who are deprived of REM are allowed to sleep without disruptions, they compensate by spending more time in REM state
159
Difference between insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea?
Disturbance in ability to fall asleep vs lack of voluntary control over sleep vs inability to breathe during sleep
