Personality + Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

Question

What is object relations theory?

Answer 1

Falls under psychodynamic theories of personality. Look at the creation and development of internalized objects in young children. Mahler, Kernberg, Klein, Winicott were all object theorists

Answer 2

Type of therapy developed by Freud. Intensive long-term treatment for uncovering repressed memories And conflict stemming from problems in psychosexual development.

Answer 3

Hypnosis->Method to free repressed thoughts Free association->Client says whatever comes to mind first Dream interpretation->Using patients dreams to understand Unconscious conflicts Resistance->Unwillingness to relate to certain thoughts By missing therapy sessions, blocking associations, switching topics Transference->Attributing to the therapist attitudes and feelings developed in patient's relations with significant others

Answer 4

When the therapist experiences emotions toward patient at various points in treatment

Answer 5

Current interpersonal relationships and life situations

Answer 6

Behavior is learned as people interact with the environment. John Dollard and Neil Miller->Blended psychoanalytic concepts in a behavioral learning theory approach. Focus on conflicting tendencies in the development of personality

Answer 7

Consider personality to be a collection of behavior that happensTo be sufficiently reinforced.

Answer 8

Contends that learning principles are sufficient to account for personality. Social learning theory is modelling observed behavior, By observing other people's behaviors being reinforced Through vicarious reinforcements.

Answer 9

Classical studies of learned helplessness. Dog is in a cell with floors that shocked them. Eventually dog stop jumping Regardless of whether they could escape or not. Used this to talk about human depression and locus of control. Individuals who consistently face difficult situations but cannot escape-->Feel powerless--> leads to external locus of control.

Answer 10

A manifestation of some disorder. The disorder itself

Answer 11

Aaron Back's cognitive therapy for depression. Albert Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Answer 12

People must recognize irrational beliefs and change them to more rational ones

Answer 13

Client must write down negative thoughts about himself and figure out why they're not justified and come up with realistic Cognitions.

Answer 14

Adequate for therapy, Because the underlying cause is still there. They believe that new symptoms will replace old ones (Symptom substitution)

Answer 15

Internal processes. Overt behavior. And they focus on what distinguishes us from animals

Answer 16

Personality as being dynamic and constantly changing, Rather than fixed traits and habits. Personality can be divided to systems Which are well articulated and function in an integrated matter, Unless the person is under tension during which time, articulation is diffused.

Answer 17

Humanistic theorist, Known for hierarchy of needs. Needs are organize hierarchically ascending from basic to complex. Physiological and safety->Belongingness and love->Esteem cognitive and aesthetic needs->Self-actualization Or highest potential.

Answer 18

Nonhostile sense of humor, Creativity, Spontaneity, Need for privacy, Have peak experiences Which are profound and moving.

Answer 19

Notion of the individual as scientist who devices and test predictions about the behavior of significant people And constructs scheme of anticipation of what others will do. Anxiety is due to one having difficulty constructing the variables in his environment

Answer 20

Alienation, Depersonalization. Loneliness, Lack of meaning.

Answer 21

Came up with client centered therapy. Believe that people have the freedom to control their own behavior and are not slaves to be unconscious. They can reflect on their problems and take positive action. Point of therapy is to make people willing and able to be themselves + increased congruence between what the person thinks he should be and what you actually is. Must preserve a climate of unconditional positive regard for the client

Answer 22

Survivor of Nazi concentration camps. Mental illness stems from a life of meaninglessness

Answer 23

Attempt to characterize people according to specific types of personality vs. Attempt to ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personality

Answer 24

Type A-->Competitive and compulsive (Prone to heart disease) | Type B-->Laid back and relaxed (Rich people)

Answer 25

Trait theorist, Who uses factor analysis to measure personality in a comprehensive way. Came up with 16 basic traits or permanent reaction tendencies that constitute the building blocks of personality.

Answer 26

Broad dimensions of personality are types which were followed by more specific traits. Added dimension of introversion-extroversion, stability-neuroticism, and psychoticism.

Answer 27

Trait theorist who listed three basic types of traits: Cardinal->Traits around which a person organizes his life e.g self-sacrifice (Does not apply to everyone) Central->major characteristics of personality that are easy to infer (honesty, fatalism) Secondary->Personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence

Answer 28

A given activity or formal behavior becomes an end or goal in itself regardless of its original reason for existence (e.g hunter continuing to hunt even after having enough food)

Answer 29

Idiographic->Focuses on individual case studies Nomothetic->Focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find commonalities between them Alport supported the idiographic approach and was against nomothetic approach

Answer 30

Identify the need for achievement (N-ach). People rate highly in this dimension tend to be concerned with achievement and have pride in their accomplishments. They avoid both high risks, And low risks. They set realistic goals, And do not pursue anything that does not yield success.

Answer 31

Relationship between an individual's personality and his perception of the world. Classification of people according to their degree of field dependence. At one pole is the capacity to make specific responses to perceived stimuli (Field independence) The other pole is the capacity to make diffused responses to a perceived mass of undifferentiated stimuli (Field dependence) People who are more field dependent will be more influenced by other peoples opinions because they do not distinguish separate ideas, or their own ideas from others

Answer 32

Internal and external locus of control. People with internal focus believe that they can control their own destiny. Those with external focus believe that outside events and chance control their destiny. Attribution of success to ability (Internal)->Higher self esteem Attribution of success to Luck or task ease (External)->Lower self-esteem Attribution of daily or to Bad luck or task difficulty (External) Attribution of failure to Lack of ability (Internal)

Answer 33

Someone who is manipulative and deceitful. Thinks most people don't really know what's best for them, The best thing is to tell them what they want to hear

Answer 34

Term coined by Sandra Bem, Refers to people who are simultaneously masculine and feminine

Answer 35

Believe that human behavior is determined by characteristics of the situation rather than those of the person.

Answer 36

The most widely accepted scheme for the classification of mental disorders. Based on a-theoretical descriptions of symptoms of the various disorders. Organized into 18 classifications, And catalogs other factors that may influence a patient prognosis such as rational or occupational issues and health complications.

Answer 37

Disorders that are linked to the development of the nervous system and are first present during infancy childhood or adolescence. e.g Learning and communication disorders, attention deficit disorder, and autism spectrum

Answer 38

Neurodevelopmental disease. - Atypical inattention or impulsivity hyperactivity. - Very short attention spans and difficulty staying on task or with organizing. - Unable to follow instructions or to stick to activities for extended periods. - Excessive running fidgeting restlessness. - 3-5% of school children may experience the symptoms. -More prevalent in males, Symptoms attenuate during adolescence

Answer 39

Neurodevelopmental disease. - Include autism, Asperger, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) - impairment in social skills, communication skills + repetitive behaviors - inflexible routines and stereotyped behavior - Do not cuddle or make eye contact and display little facial expression - Over sensitive to sensory stimuli - Often persist into adulthood

Answer 40

Neurodevelopmental disease. A tic disorder characterized by multiple motor tics such as (eye blinking, skipping, deep knee bends) and one or more vocal tics such as (barks, sniffs, snorts etc), they are sudden, recurrent and stereotyped. Lifelong disorder but with periods of remission. Occurs in approx 4 to 5 individuals out of 10,000

Answer 41

The term was coined by Eugen Bleuler, Before it was called dementia praecox. It means "split mind" - Characterized by gross distortions of reality+ disturbances in the content of thought, perception and affect - Marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts, inappropriate affect, and catatonic behavior - Symptoms divided into positive (Behaviors added to normal behavior) and negative types (Involve absence of normal behavior)

Answer 42

Distinguished into two dimensions: 1) Psychotic -> Hallucinations and delusions 2) Disorganized-> Disorganized speech and behavior

Answer 43

Flat affect + blunted emotional expression

Answer 44

Discordant beliefs that do not match with reality Despite evidence to the contrary. Reference->Other people are talking about me persecution->People are plotting against me grander->I am a remarkable person

Answer 45

Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality. e.g Auditory sensations involving voices that the individual perceives as coming from outside

Answer 46

the loosening of associations exhibited as speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another, Or speech that has no structure like a word salad, Or the invention of new words (neologism)

Answer 47

Blunting->Severe reduction in intensity of affect expression Flat affect->No virtual signs of expression Inappropriate affect->Affect that is not matching with the content of person speech or ideation (laugh at death e.g)

Answer 48

- spontaneous movement and activity may be greatly reduced - maintain a rigid posture + refusing to be moved - useless and bizarre movements not caused by external stimuli

Answer 49

Before schizophrenia is diagnosed, the patient goes through a phase characterized by poor adjustment in which there is deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior and inappropriate affect. This stage is followed by the active phase.

Answer 50

Process ->is slow and insidious with poor prognosis | Reactive-> is intense and sudden with better prognosis

Answer 51

Then neurotransmitter dopamine plays an important role in movement and posture. Delusions hallucinations and agitation arise from: a) an excess of dopamine activity in brain b) Or the level of dopamine is normal but there's an oversensitivity to this in the brain c) Or there're too many receptors that receive this neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 52

Faulty family communication may play some role in explaining the origins of schizophrenia. For example mothers who may encourage child to be more affectionate yet punish them when the child approaches her.

Answer 53

Mood disorder with at least a two-week period during which there is a prominent and persistent depressed mood or loss of interest in almost all activities. other symptoms include appetite disturbance, weight changes, sleep disturbance lack of energy, worthlessness, guilt difficulty concentrating + thoughts of death

Answer 54

Formerly known as manic-depression. Characterized by both mania and depression.

Answer 55

Bipolar I has manic episodes: Manic episodes with abnormal and persistent elevated mood, decreased need for sleep. Increase self-esteem, impaired judgment, lowered sexual restraints, Impatience. Manic episodes have a rapid onset + more brief in duration than depressive episodes Bipolar II has hypomania: Does not significantly impair functioning, Nor is it psychotic but individual is more energetic and optimistic

Answer 56

PDD Formerly known as dysthymia (Affects as many as 20% of women of reproductive age + dysphoric and depressed mood, anger + physiological symptoms for a few days before menstruation) + cyclothymic disorder

Answer 57

Norepinephrine and Serotonin are two implicated neurotransmitters linked together into what is called the monoamine/catecholamine theory of depression. Too much of the Aforementioned chemicals leads to mania while too little leads to depression.

Answer 58

Presents in childhood + negative mood with poor control of temper even at minor provocation

Answer 59

Specific phobias->Anxiety is produced by specific object or situation (cynophobia is fear of dogs, acrophobia is fear of heights, agoraphobia is fear of open places) Social anxiety disorder->Anxiety due to social situations, Fear of situations resulting in embarrassment Panic disorder->Periods of intense fear or foreboding accompanied by physiological fight or flight Generalized anxiety disorder->Low key sense of constant anxiety, but are able to maintain high level of function without seeking psychiatry care

Answer 60

Characterized they repeated obsessions (Persistent irrational thoughts) That produce tension and compulsions (Irrational and repetitive impulses) That cause significant impairment.

Answer 61

Body dysmorphic disorder->Mistaken beliefs about body Hoarding disorder trichotillomania->Hair pulling Excoriation->Skin picking

Answer 62

Trauma stress or related disorder. Developed as a reaction to traumatic events, Relieve the traumatic event through flashbacks, nightmares, display hyper-vigilance and depressed mood

Answer 63

Somatoform disorders->Presence of physical symptoms that suggest an medical condition but are not fully explained by medical condition. Conversion disorder->Unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions Also called hysteria (e.g Paralysis when there's no neurological damage) Illness anxiety disorder->Also known as hypochondria. Person preoccupied with fears that he has a serious disease and will continue even after complete medical examination.

Answer 64

The person avoid stress by dissociating or escaping from his identity. Dissociative amnesia->Inability to recall past experience not due to neurological disorder Dissociative fugue->Amnesia that accompanies a sudden unexpected move away from one's home Dissociative identity disorder->Also known as multiple personality disorder. Results when components of identity failed to integrate. (e.g Thruddi chase with 92 personalities) Depersonalization disorder->Person feels detached like an outside observer of his mental process

Answer 65

Anorexia nervosa->Refusal to maintain a minimal bodyweight, Distorted body image, Starvation suicide or electrolyte imbalance. 90% female Bulimia nervosa->Binge eating followed by excessive attempts to Purge fast or exercise. Individual maintains a minimally normal body weight, 90% female

Answer 66

Schizoid personality->Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships, Restricted range of emotional expression Narcissistic personality->Grandiose sense of self importance or uniqueness, Preoccupation with fantasies of success, Disturbances in interpersonal relationships Borderline personality->Pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood self image, Profound identity disturbance, Uncertainty about sexual identity, self image long-term goals, Self-mutilation and suicide attempts Antisocial personality->Referred to as Psychopathic disorder. Disregard for and violation of the rights of others, Deceitfulness, aggressiveness and lack of remorse

Answer 67

Framework used to examine the causes of mental disorder. An individual whose brain is over sensitive to dopamine and will also experience excessive stress in life may be likely to develop schizophrenia. Reminds us that causal factors of biological and psychological levels interact with each other

Answer 68

Conditions that foster mental-health, Including increased access to good Prenatal and postnatal care. Providing training and psychosocial skills to those who need it.

Answer 69

Studied whether or not it was possible to be judge sane if you are in an insane place. Normal people admitted to a psychiatric Hospital for schizophrenics but because they had been labeled as mentally ill, even normal activities were interpreted by staff as evidence of mental illness

Answer 70

Critique of labeling people mentally ill and argues that most of the disorders treated by clinicians are not really illnesses they just differ from cultural norm.