Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Which scientists formed the British empiricist school of thought?
John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, George Berkley, David Hume, James Mill, John Stewart
Who was John Locke’s greatest opposer?
Jean Jacques Rousseau. Society was not only unnecessary but also a Detriment to optimal development
Whereas Locke believes that a child’s mind is considered a tabula rasa or blank slate at birth
What was the famous book that Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote about child raising?
Emile: concerning education
Who was the first person who began keeping baby biographies (diaries with baby anecdotes)
Charles Darwin, a functionalist scientist Who is theory of natural selection caused researchers to study individual differences in abilities such as hearing seeing and problem-solving
Who is the father of developmental psychology, Founder of APA, And founder of Child psychology?
G Stanley Hall, Whose theory was influenced by Charles Darwin. He compiled hundreds of questionnaires on the Opinions of children and compared them by age
Who was John Watson?
a) Article about psychology as the behaviorist Views It.
b) Said psychology was being too focused on mentalistic concepts.
c) Emphasize the importance of environmental influences
Agreed with tabula rasa
d) only believes in objective methods of studying behavior.
What was Watson’s beliefs about the goal of psychology
Goal of psychology should be to predict behavioral responses to stimuli, And vice versa. Concept of consciousness, mental states, will and imagery are useless
Who is Arnold Gesell?
Development occurs as a Maturational or biological process, Regardless of practice or training. He was an nativist, I’m believe that much of Development was biologically-based (Blueprint of birth)
Who was Sigmund Freud?
Father of psychodynamic orientation, Stress the role of subconscious conflicts in the development of functioning and personality
What school of thought was in opposition to behaviorists?
Cognitive structuralist, Whose orientation was strongly influenced by John Piaget. Children are actively involved in their own development, Constructing knowledge of the world through experiences with the environment.
What are the types of research methodologies?
Cross-sectional studies->Compare groups of subjects at different ages
Longitudinal studies->Follow a specific group over an extended period
Sequential cohort studies->Several groups of different ages are studied over several years
Clinical method/Case study-> Detailed look at the development of a particular child
What is the nature versus nurture controversy?
Nature is the position that humans Have innate capabilities, Whereas Nurture side Asserts that humans only have capabilities based on the environment that shapes their experience
Who was Gregor Mendel?
a) Austrian monk who Carefully observed the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants.
b) Hypothesize the existence of the basic unit of Heredity Called the gene.
c) Suggested that each specific trait was controlled by an alternate form of gene called alleles
d) Any given gene has two alleles
e) Each variation is represented by an Allele that is either dominant or recessive
In humans which allele will be expressed?
Both parents contribute a gene for each trait.
One dominant one recessive-> Dominant expressed
Two dominants-> Dominant
Two recessives->Recessive
What is the genotype? What is the phenotype?
The total genetic complement (Genetic makeup) of an individual vs The total collection of expressed traits that Constitute individuals observable characteristics
Individuals with identical —–Can have different genotypes. While identical genotypes Can also have different —–Due to variations in the environment
Phenotypes. Phenotypes
Human genes consist of long strands of —-Which together with protein create —–
DNA. Chromosomes
Humans have — Chromosomes, Organized into —-Homogenous pairs, of which 22 pairs are —–while the 23rd pair of chromosome determines —-, And if it is —- The individual is female, And if it is —- The individual is male.
46, 23 pairs, Autosomes. The sex of the child. XX, XY.
Somatic cells in the human body always contain —–
Chromosomes that are in pairs (diploid)
The gametes That are made up of sperm and eggs, are—-
23 single chromosomes that are not in pairs (Haploid)
Why is the arrangement of gametes and somatic cells as Haploid and diploid Necessary?
This arrangement is necessary for sexual reproduction because when the sperm and eggs joined during conception, the 2 haploid cells come together to make a full diploid of 23 chromosome pairs.
In this way each parent contributes one gene for each trait
–>Resulting in far more genetic variability than in asexual production
Children can be said to have an average of —-Percent of their genes in common with each parent, While the number for identical twins is —–Percent
50%. 100%
Who is RC Tyron?
Studies the inheritance of maze running ability in laboratory rats.
divided the rats based on their performance Into the maze bright, maze dull, and intermediate rats.
Used selective breeding to Mate rats with similar traits For the first and second generation
Found that the difference between Bright and dull rats intensified from generation to generation–>
Learning ability has a genetic basis But only on the mazes that tyron used for his experiment, not on all mazes in general
What evidence has suggested that schizophrenia Has a hereditary component?
Risk of developing the disease for children of schizophrenics is 13 times higher than general population And 9 times higher for siblings
What do twin studies compare?
Compare monozygotic (Identical, 100% genetic sharing) and dizygotic (50% gene sharing) twins to distinguish the relative effects of shared environment and genetics.
Which characteristics appear to have some genetic influence?
monozygotic twins tend to be more similar in regards to cognitive social and emotional characteristics
On personality measures monozygotic twins raised in the same family are—–, While monozygotic twins reared apart are —–. Over all Dizygotic twins reared apart are—- Therefore personality characteristics are ——-Heritable
Most similar. More Similar to one another than dizygotic twins raised together. The least similar. Somewhat heritable.
Why are adoption studies useful?
Help us understand environmental influences and genetic factors on behaviour by comparing similarities Between biological and adoptive parents to adopted children.
Utilizing adoption studies Scientist have found What about IQ?
Children’s IQ is more similar to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents, So IQ is hereditary.
What was Lewis Terman’s study?
Compare groups of children with high IQs with those typical of the population, Discovered similarities and differences.
The first to focus on gifted children and it was a large-scale longitudinal study.
What are the 4 important genetic syndromes?
Down syndrome->Person has an extra 21st chromosome with varying levels of intellectual disability mostly due to parents age. older–> more risk
PKU-> Degenerative disease of the nervous system. Enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine (amino acid) Is lacking.
Klinefelter syndrome->Possession of an extra X chromosome (XXY in males) Which causes sterility And intellectual disabilities
Turner Syndrome->Failure to develop secondary sex characteristics, As a result of only one X-chromosome in females. Leads to physical abnormalities such as short fingers and on usually shaped mouth.
What are the stages of prenatal development?
Concepcion-> The sperm cell fertilizes the egg In the fallopian tube and forms a single cell called the zygote, Which divides in 2 shortly after fertilization
Germinal Stage->Cell division occurs, and the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and is implanted into uterine wall. Last approximately 2 weeks after conception
Embryonic stage-> Eight weeks after germinal period, The embryo increases in size by 2 million %. Embryo grows about an inch long + develops a human appearance, tail recedes, limbs, fingers toes + external genitals appear, Nerve cells in spine + motion of the limbs.
Fetal stage->Begins in the third month with measurable electrical activity in fetus brain. Fetus continues to grow in size, and is attached to the uterine wall and placenta by the umbilical cord, Where nutrients are transmitted while returning waste laden blood to the mother.
