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REVALIDA > Physiological Optics 1 > Flashcards

Physiological Optics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Science that deals with the normal functions of living organism and their parts

A

Physiology

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2
Q

Study of sight and behavior of light

A

Optics

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3
Q

Visual science that deals with the study of structures of the eye and functions affected by behavior of light

A

Physiological Optics

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4
Q

Has the power to adjust to environmental changes

A

Animate

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5
Q

Stimulus not capable of responding

A

Inanimate

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6
Q

Something that causes physiological/psychological response

A

Stimulus

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7
Q

Receives the environmental stimuli

A

Receptor

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8
Q

A bodily organ which becomes active in response to stimulation

A

Effector

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9
Q

Strands of protoplasm which connects the two organs (receptor and effector)

A

Neurons

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10
Q

Refers to the refractive power of the lens

A

Dioptrics

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11
Q

Unit for measuring the dioptric power of the eye

A

Diopter

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12
Q

Ratio of speed of light in air to speed of light in other optical medium

A

Index of Refraction

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13
Q

Length of the eyeball

A

24 mm

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14
Q

Weight of an eyeball

A

10g

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15
Q

Volume of an eyeball

A

6.5 mL

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16
Q

3 coats/tunics of the eyeball

A

Fibrous coat
Uveal coat
Nervous coat

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17
Q

Fibrous coat comprises:

A

Sclera
Cornea
Limbus

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18
Q

White of the eyeball

A

Sclera

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19
Q

Hard and tough layer of the eye

A

Sclera

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20
Q

Main refractive apparatus of the eye

A

Cornea

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21
Q

By its transparency, permits light reach interior of the eye

A

Cornea

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22
Q

Transition zone between sclera and cornea

A

Limbus

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23
Q

Uveal coat comprises of:

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

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24
Q

Thin, dark membrane of the eye

A

Choroid

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25
Q

Nourishes the outer part of the retina

A

Choroid

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26
Q

Prolongation and thickening of the choroid

A

Ciliary body

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27
Q

Nourishes the cornea and lens through aqueous humor

A

Ciliary body

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28
Q

Serves as attachment of the zonular fibers

A

Ciliary body

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29
Q

Has pigmentation that gives color

A

Iris

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30
Q

Regulate the light entering the eye

A

Iris

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31
Q

Reduces chromatic and spherical abberations

A

Iris

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32
Q

Nervous coat comprises of:

A

Retina

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33
Q

Thin, transparent membrane upon which the images are cast and in where nerve impulses are generated

A

Retina

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34
Q

Mathematical or physical model that represents the basic optical features of the real eye

A

Schematic eye

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35
Q

Index of refraction of the CORNEA

A

1.376

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36
Q

Index of refraction of AQUEOUS HUMOR

A

1.336

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37
Q

2/3 of refraction of the eye

A

Cornea

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38
Q

Where cornea owes its clear optical surface

A

Tear Layer

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39
Q

Steeper curvature will result to?

A

Higher surface power

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40
Q

Flatter curvature will result to?

A

Lower surface power

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41
Q

1/3 refraction of the eye, important structure for ACCOMMODATION

A

Crystalline lens

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42
Q

Process which crystalline lens varies its focal length in response to changes in vergence

A

ACCOMMODATION

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43
Q

Dioptric adjustment of the eye to attain maximum sharpness of retinal imagery

A

ACCOMMODATION

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44
Q

If the accommodation is insufficient, object will fall in the?

A

Behind the retina

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45
Q

If the accommodation is insufficient, this is termed as?

A

Lag of accommodation

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46
Q

If the accommodation exceeds it is termed as?

A

Lead of accommodation

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47
Q

The relationship between posterior principal focus, refractive mechanism, and retina of the same eye with accomm relaxed

A

REFRACTIVE STATUS

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48
Q

Focal points of the refracting mechanisms

A

Posterior principal focus

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49
Q

Refractive medias

A

Cornea
Crystalline lens
Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor

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50
Q

Factors that influence refractive status:

A

Length of the eyeball
Power of cornea
Power of lens
Depth of anterior chamber

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51
Q

Posterior principal point is focused on the retina

A

Emmtropia

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52
Q

Posterior principal point focused in front or behind the retina

A

Ametropia

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53
Q

Process of seeing:

A

Physical process
Photo-chemical process
Neuro-muscular process
Psychological process

54
Q

Process wherein an incident ray of light strikes the eye and its transmission through the various transparent media

A

Physical process

55
Q

The transformation of a radiant energy at the neuro-epithelium into some other form of energy

A

Photochemical process

56
Q

The generation of the nerve impulse in the retina and its transmission by a chain of neuron to the central nervous system

A

Neuro-muscular process

57
Q

The interpretation of the stimulus received by the retina

A

Psychological process

58
Q

A transparent membrane where images are cast and where nerve impulses are generated and converted to the optic nerve

A

Retina

59
Q

Nerve of sight

A

Optic nerve

60
Q

Posterior continuation of optic chiasma with its fibers terminating at lateral geniculate body

A

Optic tract

61
Q

Serves as the end station for some visual fibers

A

Lateral geniculate body

62
Q

Carry visual impulse to area striata

A

Optic radiation

63
Q

Visual/optic center of the brain located at medial aspect of the occipital lobe

A

Area striata

64
Q

Visual/optic center of the brain located at medial aspect of occipital lobe

A

Area Striata

65
Q

Complete inability of the eye to see

A

Blindness

66
Q

One eye is completely blind

A

Uniocular blindness

67
Q

Half blindness

A

Hemianopsia/hemianopia

68
Q

Loss of peripheral or central vision

A

Heteronymous hemianopsia

69
Q

Both eyes are blind to either right or left side

A

Homonymous hemianopsia

70
Q

Hemianopsia on both eyes are completely symmetrical in extent and intensity. Same size, shape, and position

A

Congrous hemianopsia

71
Q

Visual field defects are dissimilar in both eyes

A

Incongrous hemianopsia

72
Q

Scotoma wherein perception of light is entirely lost

A

Absolute scotoma

73
Q

Scotoma wherein perception of light is only diminished

A

Relative scotoma

74
Q

Scotoma that appears as black spot on the visual field. Patient is not aware.

A

Negative scotoma

75
Q

Scotoma that appears as a dark spot in the visual field

A

Positive scotoma

76
Q

Scotoma that involves the point of fixation

A

Central scotoma

77
Q

Scotoma that involves the peripheral areas

A

Peripheral scotoma

78
Q

Scotoma that appears usually in person with migraine

A

Scintillating scotoma

79
Q

Scotoma that is an arch-like and an extension of blind spot. It is a symptom of early stages of glaucoma

A

Arcuate scotoma

80
Q

Reflex that controls/regulates the intensity of light entering the eye

A

Pupillary light reflex

81
Q

Greater intensity of light means the pupil is ______

A

Small

82
Q

Lower intensity of light means the pupil is _____

A

Large

83
Q

Smaller pupil means _____ light in

A

Less

84
Q

Larger pupil means ______ light in

A

More

85
Q

Stimulation of one retina by light produces a contraction of pupil on the same eye

A

Direct light reflex

86
Q

Stimulation of one retina by light produces a contraction of pupil on the opposite eye

A

Consensual light reflex

87
Q

Person looking at an object close to the face will cause contraction of the pupils

A

Accommodative convergence reflex

88
Q

Nerve that is responsible for the afferent limb of pupillary reflex

A

Optic nerve

89
Q

Nerve that is responsible for the efferent limb of the pupillary reflex

A

Oculomotor nerve

90
Q

Lesion is from retina to nucleus

A

Relative afferent pupillary defect

91
Q

Lesion is from pre-ganglionic to post ganglionic fiber

A

Relative efferent pupillary defect

92
Q

Covers the fundamental knowledge based on scientific principles of light and its effect to the eye

A

Visual optics

93
Q

Real sense organs of the body

A

Receptors

94
Q

Nerves that connects the receptors to the effectors

A

Physiological connectors

95
Q

Connects the receptors to the effectors

A

Sensory

96
Q

Connects the CNS to the responding effectors

A

Motor

97
Q

What are the visual pathways

A

Retina
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Lateral geniculate body
Optic radiation
Visual cortex

98
Q

The retina consists of two parts

A

Retinal pigment epithelium
Neural retina

99
Q

Dark pigments in the retina that absorbs light passing through the receptor layer

A

RPE

100
Q

The neural retina contains five types of neurons

A

Visual receptor cells
Horizontal cells
Bipolar cells
Amacrine cells
Retinal ganglion cells

101
Q

Part of the retina where image of the central visual field center is focused

A

Fovea

102
Q

Part of the eye that is formed by the retinal ganglion cell axons that are exiting the retina

A

Optic disc

103
Q

Pigments that is responsible for photopic vision

A

Cones

104
Q

Pigments that is responsible for scotopic vision

A

Rods

105
Q

Two locations in the retina that have no rods

A

Fovea and optic disc

106
Q

Total number of cones in the retina

A

4% in the fovea, 96% in the periphery

107
Q

Three different kinds of cones

A

S, M and L cones

108
Q

Photopigment of S cone

A

Cyanolabe

109
Q

Photopigment of M cone

A

Chlorolabe

110
Q

Photopigment of L cone

A

Erythrolabe

111
Q

The ability to detect and recognize small objects visually

A

Visual acuity

112
Q

Field of vision that operates best under high illumination

A

Central vision

113
Q

Field of vision that has the greatest visual acuity and color sensitivity

A

Central vision

114
Q

Field of vision that is more sensitive to dim light

A

Peripheral vision

115
Q

Field of vision that operates under low illumination

A

Peripheral vision

116
Q

A small ________ is located in the temporal hemifield

A

Blindspot

117
Q

Image formed by the optical system of the eye

A

Optical image

118
Q

Image formed on the retina which may be either sharply focused or blur circle

A

Retinal image

119
Q

The farther the optical image from the retina, the _______ the blur cirle

A

Bigger

120
Q

The smaller the pupil, the ________ the blur circle

A

Smaller

121
Q

The extent to which the image may be located in front or behind the retina and still appear to be clear

A

Depth of focus

122
Q

The extent to which the object may be moved toward or away and yet remain clear with the same dioptric power

A

Depth of field

123
Q

The ability to detect differences in the wavelength of light

A

Color vision

124
Q

Color vision may be tested using:

A

Ishihara test plates
Farnsworth D-15
Anomaloscope
Lanterns

125
Q

Having a sense of direction while moving around an environment

A

Spatial orientation

126
Q

The process of producing a single image from the two disparate monocular images

A

Binocular fusion

127
Q

The ability to perceive the distance of an object

A

Depth perception

128
Q

If two objects are roughly the same size, the object that looks the largest will be judged as being closest to the observer

A

Relative size

129
Q

As you are moving, objects that are closer seem to zoom by faster than do objects in the distance

A

Motion parallax

130
Q

Objects that are farther away seem to be blurred or slightly hazy

A

Aerial perspective

131
Q

Parallel lines appear to meet as they travel into the distance

A

Linear perspective

132
Q

When one object overlaps another, the object is partially obscured is perceived as being farther away

A

Overlap

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