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NCM 107 > PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF PREGNANCY > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF PREGNANCY Flashcards

1
Q

depth of the uterus increases from 2.5cm to __cm

A

22

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2
Q

width of uterus increases from 4cm to __cm

A

24

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3
Q

weight increases from 50g to ___g

A

1000g

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4
Q

early in the pregnancy, the uterine wall thickens from about 1cm to __cm

A

2

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5
Q

toward the end of pregnancy, the wall thins to become supple and only about __ thick.

A

0.5cm

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6
Q

The volume of the uterus increases from about 2 ml to more than __ml

A

1000

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7
Q

This settling of the fetus into the midpelvis is termed __ because a woman’s breathing is so much easier that she feels as if her load is lightened.

A

lightening

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8
Q

measured from the top of the symphysis pubis to over the top of the uterine fundus

A

uterine height

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9
Q

absence of menstruation

A

amenorrhea

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10
Q

the cervix of the uterus becomes more __ and __ than usual.

A

vascular and edematous

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11
Q

forms to seal out bacteria and help
prevent infection in the fetus and
membranes.

A

mucus plug called operculum

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12
Q

Under the influence of estrogen, the vaginal epithelium and underlying tissues increase in size as they become enriched with __

A

glycogen

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13
Q

Vaginal secretions before pregnancy have a pH value greater than __

A

7

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14
Q

During pregnancy, the pH level falls to __ (an acid pH), which helps make the vagina resistant to bacterial invasion for the length of the pregnancy

A

4 or 5

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15
Q

The corpus luteum, no longer essential for the continuation of the pregnancy, __ in size and appears white

A

regresses

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16
Q

__ may be one of the first physiologic changes of pregnancy a woman notices (at about 6 weeks)

A

subtle changes in breast

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17
Q

The areola of the nipple darkens, and its diameter increases from about 3.5 cm (1.5 in.) to __

A

5 cm or 7.5 cm (2 or 3 in.)

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18
Q

enlarge and become
prominent ; sebaceous glands

A

montgomery’s tubercles

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19
Q

the thin, watery, high-protein fluid that is the precursor of breast milk ; appears in the 16th week

A

colostrum

20
Q

This stretching (plus possibly
increased adrenal cortex
activity) can cause rupture and atrophy of small segments of the connective layer of the skin, leading to streaks on the sides of the abdominal wall and sometimes on the thighs

A

striae gravidarum

21
Q

During the months after birth, striae gravidarum lighten to a silvery color

A

striae albicantes or atrophicae

22
Q

Often, the abdominal wall
has difficulty stretching
enough to accommodate
the growing fetus, causing the rectus muscles underneath the skin to actually separate

A

diastasis recti

23
Q

Extra pigmentation
generally appears on the
abdominal wall because
of melanocyte stimulating hormone from the pituitary. A narrow, brown line may form, running from the umbilicus to the symphysis pubis and separating the abdomen into right and left halves

A

(linea nigra)

24
Q

Darkened or reddened areas
may appear on the face as well, particularly on the cheeks and across the nose. ; mask of pregnancy

A

melasma (chloasma)

25
Q

small, fiery red branching spots
sometimes seen on the skin of pregnant women, particularly on the thighs

A

VASCULARSPIDERS/TELANGIECTASI

26
Q

→ redness and itching on the hands
→ increase estrogen level

A

palmar erythema

27
Q

Toward the end of pregnancy, enlargement of the uterus can actually displace the diaphragm by as much as __

A

4 cm upward.

28
Q

Two major changes do occur with pregnancy:

A

a more rapid than usual breathing rate (18 to 20 breaths/min) and a chronic feeling of shortness of breath

29
Q

Blood loss in normal vaginal birth is about

A

300 to 400ml

30
Q

blood loss from a cesarian birth is much higher

A

800-1000 ml

31
Q

Plasma volume first increases, the concentration of hemoglobin and erythrocytes may decline giving the women

A

pseudoanemia

32
Q

Cardiac output increased by

A

25 to 50%

33
Q

Heart rate increase by

A

10 bpm

34
Q

When a pregnant women lie supine, the weight of the growing uterus presses the vena cava against the vertebrae obstructing blood flow from the lower extremities

A

supine hypotension syndrome

35
Q

a hormone produced by
the ovary, may contribute to decrease
gastric motility

A

relaxin

36
Q

There also may be increased saliva formation, probably as a local response to increased levels of estrogen.

A

(hyperptyalism)

37
Q

This softening of the pelvic ligaments and joints is probably caused by the influence of both the ovarian hormone and placental.

A

relaxin and progesterone

38
Q

To change her center of gravity and make ambulation easier, a pregnant woman tends to stand straighter and taller than usual. This stance is sometimes referred to as the

A

pride of pregnancy

39
Q

causes breast and uterine enlargement

A

estrogen

40
Q

during early pregnancy may also be a response to the high circulating estrogen levels

A

palmar erythema

41
Q

maintaining the endometrium, inhibiting uterine contractility and aiding in the development of the breast for lactation

A

progesterone

42
Q

secreted primarily by the corpus luteum is responsible for helping inhibit uterine activity and soften the cervix and collagen and joints. Softening of the cervix allows for dilatation at delivery. Softening of collagen allows for laxness in the lower spine helps enlarge the birth canal

A

relaxin

43
Q

is secreted by the trophoblast cells in the placenta in early pregnancy. It stimulate progesterone and estrogen synthesis until the placenta can assume this role

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

44
Q

is also produced by the placenta, it serves as an antagonist to insulin, making insulin less effective, thereby allowing more glucose to become available for fetal growth.

A

human chorionic somatomammotropin

45
Q

are found in high concentration in the female reproductive track and the decidua during pregnancy. Prostaglandin affect smooth muscle contractility to such an extent, they may be triggered that initiates labor at term

A

prostaglandin

NCM 107 (7 decks)

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