Physiological changes Flashcards
changes in nervous system
- Neuron loss occurs
- Brain weight decreased by 10% in men and 5% in women
- Ventricular volume increases
- Brain metabolic rate and blood flow
- minimal reduction
- Short memory corruption occurs
- Reaction time is prolonged
- Posture, deep sense, and impaired walking
- Loss of conduction velocity in sensory and motor nerves within the central and peripheral nervous systems
- Loss of myelin sheaths and the large myelinated fibers with advancing age have also been reported
Impairments Within The Central Nervous
System
- Tone, reflexes and abnormal state of the motor neuron pool
(hypotonicity, hypertonicity, rigidity, tremor). - Synergies, either volitional or reflexive (pattern of motor program, flexibility over programming).
- Sensory integration and organization (somatosensory, visual and vestibular).
- Balance and postural control
- Speed of movement
- Timing
- reciprocal movement
- trajectory or pattern of movement
- Accuracy
- Emotional influences
- Perception
- cognition level
sensory changes
Vision
Visual acuity
hearing [decreased flexibility of the membrane]
impairments outside CNS
Range of motion
Muscle performance
Endurance
Cardiac function
Circulatory function
Respiratory function
Other organ system interaction
Hormonal and nutritional factors
Psychosocial factors
Skin changes
- Subcutaneous adipose tissue decreases
- Skin elasticity reduced
- Sweat gland function decreases
- Decrease in bristles and whitening are observed
Functional changes in aging skin
Skin wrinkling
thickening of nails
loss of hair
Reasons for dry skin
- Not drinking enough liquids
- Being in very dry air
- Smoking
- Feeling stress
- Diabetes
- Kidney disease
Age spot
flat dark areas on the skin
Treatments include
Laser and intense pulse light
freezing [cryotherapy]
Signs of melanoma
- Is black
- Is increasing in size
- Has an irregular border
- Has an unusual combination of colors
- Is bleeding
ABCDEs of melanoma
Asymmetry
Border [looks ragged or blurred]
Color [uneven coloring]
Diameter [larger than 25inches
Evolving
Metabolic and Endocrine Changes
- Glucose tolerance is impaired
- Insulin resistance increases
- Body mass decreases, fat content increases in muscles
- Sex hormones decrease. The transition to menopause and andropause begins
behavioral effects of endocrine disorders
Delirium
Dementia
Depression
Anxiety
Changes in GI system
- Decay and tooth loss in the teeth
- Taste and smell receptors weaken
- Decreases the release of saliva and digestive enzymes
- Reduced motor tone and function of muscles
- Reduced digestive and absorption capacity
- Liver blood flow decreases
- The answers of the pancreas slow down
Drooling
saliva leaking otside thw mouth instead of swalowing
swallowing therapy
eating some foods orally
exercise eg chin up, chin down etc
Shaker’s exercise
Strengthen muscles at the back of the throat.
lying down flat while lifting head until you can see toes
keep head up for 1 min
repeat 30times 3sets a day
Masako exercise
Trains your tongue and throat
stick your tongue out and slightly bite the tip of your tongue
swallow saliva while still biting the tongue
30 times 3 times a day
Masako exercise
Trains your tongue and throat
stick your tongue out and slightly bite the tip of your tongue
swallow saliva while still biting the tongue
30 times 3 times a day
C-tar exercise
strengthen muscles at the back of the throat
in sitting position put small ball under the chin
press the chin down against the ball
repeat 30 times 3 times a day
changes in large intestine
-Fibrosis involvesthe entire colon wall
-Mucous atrophy
-Decreased mobility
-Hypotonic colon formation
-Dehydration in gaita
-Constipation
-Decrease of peristaltic response
-Increased no peristaltic response
hepatic system changes
- Decreased liver size
- Decreased liver blood flow
- Reduction of phase 1 reactions (oxidation, hydrolysis,
reduction) in the liver - Increase in stone formation
Genito-urinary System Changes
- Atrophy develops in the genital system, reproductive functions decline, and sexual activity decreases
- Kidney blood flow decreases
- The ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine and dilute is reduced
- Nephron function reduced by 60%
- Reduced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activity
- Sensory receptors develop →incontinence
