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geriatric > Musculoskeletal changes > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal changes Flashcards

1
Q

Musculoskeletal system Changes

A
  • Changes in Bone Structure
  • Changes in Cartilage Structure
  • Deterioration of The Intervertebral Disk Structure
  • Problems in Tendons and Ligaments
  • Changes in Muscle Structure
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2
Q

Main structure of cartilage consist of

A

water
collagen
proteoglycans
chondrocytes

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3
Q

what component of cartilage important in resisting mechanical force

A

collagen network

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4
Q

types of cartilage

A

Fibrous
hyaline
elastic

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5
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

external ear
epiglottis
auditory tube

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6
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

between tip of the rib and bone of sternum
bone surface of synovial joint
supporting larynx
trachea and bronchi
part of nasal septum

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7
Q

fibrous cartilage

A

Pads within knee joint
between pubic bones of pelvis
intervertebral disc

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8
Q

1st cartilage change stage

A

doubtful
minimum disruption
about 10% cartilage loss

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9
Q

2nd stage cartilage changes

A

mild
joint space narrowing
cartilage begin to break down
occurrence of osteophytes

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10
Q

3rd stage of cartilage changes

A

moderate joint spaces reduction
gaps in cartilage can expand until they reach the bone

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11
Q

4th stage of cartilage changes

A

joint space greatly reduced
severe
large osteophytes
60% of cartilage loss

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12
Q

changes in intervertebral disc

A

reduction of water in nucleus pulp which makes it more fibrotic and creates cracks

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13
Q

types of intervertebral degeneration

A

type 1 to 6

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14
Q

type 1

A

normal end plate with no interaction
no Modric changes
health

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15
Q

type 2

A

thinning of endplate, no obvious break
no mordic changes
aging

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16
Q

type 3

A

-focal endplate defect with established disc marrow contact but with maintained endplate contour
-no mordic changes
-aging

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17
Q

type 4

A
  • endplate defects 25% of endplate area
    -associated with mordic changes
    -degenerative
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18
Q

type 5

A

-endplate defect up to 50%

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19
Q

type 6

A

extensive damage endplate up to total distruction

20
Q

changes in bones

A

decreased bone density
increased bone remodelization

21
Q

mechanisms of bone loss

A

menopausal bone loss [rapid]
senile mechanism [40 to 50 age ]

22
Q

menopausal bone loss

A

due to sudden loss of sex hormones

23
Q

marrow adipose tissue or bone marrow adipose tissue

A

type of fat deposit in the marrow
it increases in state of low bone density

24
Q

osteoporosis

A

a skeletal disorder with compromised bone strength as determined by bone density and bone quality.

25
Q

modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis

A

smoking
inadequate calcium intake
inadequate vitamin D
low body weight
estrogen deficiency

26
Q

Nonmodifiable risk factors for osteoporosis

A

female
age
low peak bone mass
ethnicity [ white/Asian]
low BMI
family history

27
Q

osteopenia

A

low bone density

28
Q

exercises to avoid with osteoporosis

A

high impact exercise
excessive bending
twisting activities
certain pilates or yoga moves

29
Q

low impacts weight bearing exercises

A

sit to stand
squat
walking
toe raises
low impacts aerobics

30
Q

tendons and ligaments changes

A

calcification
small tearing
increased fibrovascular proliferation
increased formations of cross links
loss of elastic fibers which increase joint stiffness

31
Q

muscle changes

A

slowing of mvmnts
muscle weakness
loss of muscle power
early muscle fatigue

32
Q

neurogenic factors for muscle changes

A

muscle atrophy
change in neuromuscular compounds
incomplete reinnervation
decrease in number and size of fibers

33
Q

myogenic factors for muscle changes

A
  • Trauma caused by contraction
  • Decrease in muscle renewal capacity with age,
  • Depending on an increase in mechanical weakness
34
Q

sarcopeny

A

decreased in the mass of skeletal muscle which can start to be observed in the third decade of life

35
Q

what factor contribute to loss of muscle mass with age

A

reduction in the numbers of both type I and type II muscle fibers and a decline in cross-sectional area of type II fibers, the cross-sectional area of type I fibers seems to be well maintained.

36
Q

sarcopenia

A

decreased in muscle mass and function

37
Q

causes of sarcopenia

A

*Cellular changes
*PIA
*Endocrine factors
*Denervation of muscle fibers
*Predisposing genetic factors
*Nutrition and metabolism
*Muscle protein degradation
*Inflammation

38
Q

Primary sarcopenia

A

age related

39
Q

secondary sarcopenia

A

activity related
disease related
nutrition related

40
Q

stages of sarcopenia

A

Pre sarcopenia
sacrcopenia
severe sarcopenia

41
Q

Pre sarcopenia

A

decrease muscle mass

42
Q

sarcopenia

A

decreased muscle mass with decreased strength or performance

43
Q

severe sarcopenia

A

decreased muscle mass with decreased strength and performance

44
Q

test for sarcopenia

A

Measure gait speed
Measure grip strength
Measure muscle mass

45
Q

Balance test

A

side by site
semi tandem stand
tandem stand

46
Q

gait speed test

A

measure the time required to walk 4meters at normal pace

geriatric (5 decks)

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