cardiopulmonary system

Question 1

Physiological Changes Related To Aging

Answer 1

• Changes in autonomic functions and cell homeostasis → Temperature, blood volume, and endocrine changes
• Decrease in organ mass → Liver, brain kidney bones and muscles
• Decrease in functional reserve of organs →lungs, heart .

Question 2

CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES

Answer 2

DESCENDING PARAMETERS
* Rest and maximal cardiac output
* Rest and maximal filling volume
* Heart rate
* Venous circulation
* Synerrial node cells decrease by 10% after age 75 →
transmission decreases
* Myocardial flexibility
* Left ventricular contractility and
diastolic volume
* Baroreceptor sensitivity
* β receptor activity

ASCENDING PARAMETERS
* Rest and exercise blood pressure
* Amount of fat tissue around the
heart
* Peripheral vascular resistance
* Risk of developing arrhythmia

Question 3

Cardiovascular Change and Diseases Caused by Aging

Answer 3

ARTERIAL CHANGES
Decreased elasticity.
Decreased compliance.
Atherosclerosis

CHANGES IN HEART
fibrosis
Mass increase
Calcification

DISEAS CAUSED BY CHANGES
Hypertension
Angina Pectoris
Myocardial Infarction
Heart failure

SYMPTOMS THAT INCREASE FREQUENCY WITH AGING
Fatigue
Palpitations
Chest pain
Dizziness

AT AN ADVANCED AGE
Typical angina is rarer
Heart attack can be spent silently
ECG findings are not clear

Question 4

Aging and the Vasculature

Answer 4

The changes that occur with aging involve elastin fibers undergoing progressive disorientation, fragmentation, and degeneration, with subsequent collagen deposition, calcification, and cystic degeneration.

Question 5

Atherosclerosis

Answer 5

• A narrowing of arterial passageways as a result of the development of plaques on their interior walls
• Reduces the size of the passageway
• A cause of ischemic heart tissue (tissue deprived of adequate blood supply)

Question 6

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 6

• A generic term referring to the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
• Often referred to as “hardening of the arteries”
• Considered a general aging phenomenon

Question 7

what causes elders to reach fatigue faster when exercising

Answer 7

due to decrease in VO2 max

Question 8

Respiratory System Changes

Answer 8

• Calcification of kyphoscoliosis and costal cartilage, the muscular result of aging → Reduced lung compliance
• Breathing work increases
• Decrease in respiratory muscle strength → max expiratory & inspiratory pressure reduced
• Distal bronchial diameters decrease

Question 9

Respiratory System Changes

Answer 9

• Increased chest wall rigidity
• Alveolar performance decreases
• Residuel volume increases
• Vital capacity decreases
• Ventilation is impaired, diffusion decreases
• Cilia’s movements slow down
• The cough reflex decreases.
• Increased risk of infection

Question 10

Hematological Problems

Answer 10

• Anemia rate increases
• Blood loss due to intestinal carcinoma, polyps,
  or peptic ulcers (GIS disorders)
• Decreased blood production ?

Question 11

Most causes of Anemia in Elderly

Answer 11

• Chronic disease
• Iron deficiency
• Vitamin B12 deficiency,
• Folate deficiency,
• Gastrointestinal bleeding,
• Myelodysplastic syndrome

Question 12

Thermoregulation System Distortion

Answer 12

• Aging reduces sweat gland output, skin blood flow, cardiac output,peripheral vasoconstriction, and reduced muscle mass.