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NE Exam 3 > Physiological Basis of EEG and Sleep > Flashcards

Physiological Basis of EEG and Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

___ controls both the circadian rhythm (SCN) and sleep induction/arousal, separately

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Pathway/Mechanism of Sleep

A

(1) PGD2 (prostaglandin D2) in the blood binds to DP receptor on Leptomeninges
(2) Release of Adenosine from that cell into the CSF
(3) Adenosine binds to A2a receptor on neuron in Ventrolateral Pre-Optic Area (VPO)
(4) VPO neurons inhibit the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) inputs to the cortex

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3
Q

What can block Adenosine 2a (A2a) receptors?

A

Caffeine

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4
Q

Substrates that activate NFkb in a VPO cell that leads to activation of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nitric Oxide production (triggers sleepiness):

A
  • IL 1b
  • TNF alpha
  • GHRH (binds to GH Secretagogue Receptors)
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5
Q

REM sleep is initiate ___ of sleep

A

Independently

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6
Q

REM Sleep

A
  • Tied to circadian rhythm
  • Cycles occur every 90 minutes
  • Episodes of REM sleep get longer the later in the sleep cycle you get (spending less time in deep sleep)
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7
Q

Early in the night, when under control of ___ need for sleep, see more ___ sleep.

A
  • Homeostatic
  • Deep
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8
Q

Initiation of REM Sleep

A

Cholinergic neurons in the Lateral Pontine Tegmentum release ACh in the Lateral Geniculate Body, which sends input to the Occipital Cortex

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9
Q

Muscle “Paralysis” during REM Sleep

A
  • Crucial in preventing muscle activation during dreams – must paralyze large muscles to prevent muscle activation during dreams
  • Spares diaphragm and small muscle groups (esp fingers, toes)
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10
Q

Role of Locus Ceruleus in REM Sleep

A
  • Critical in preventing individuals from acting out dreams
  • Sends inhibitory input to alpha motorneurons via NE
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11
Q

___ ____ is one of the only sources of Orexin A and B (aka Hypocretin 1 and 2) in the brain

A

Lateral Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Pathway of Waking Up

A

Orexigenic inputs (Lateral Hypothalamus) –> Tuberomamillary Nucleus –> Axon projectes to Locus Ceruleus and releases Histamine onto H1 Receptors –> LC neurons release NE which suppresses REM sleep –> leads to arousal

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13
Q

Where do cell bodies of Orexigenic neurons originate? Where do their axons go?

A
  • Lateral Hypothalamus
  • Tuberomamillary Nucleus
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14
Q

Waking up requires the release of ____ from the Lateral Hypothalamus

A

Orexins

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15
Q

First sleep cycle of the night:

A
  • 70-100 minutes
  • Transitions to a short REM epoch
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16
Q

Later sleep cycles of the night:

A
  • 90 minutes
  • Less time in deep sleep, more in REM
17
Q

Sleep Cycles in Children

A
  • More time in REM, deep sleep, and total sleep time
18
Q

Sleep Cycles in Elderly

A
  • Fewer REM epochs – can be long, no longer see where REM epochs get longer the longer the person is asleep
  • Almost no deep sleep
  • More frequent awakenings
  • Less total sleep time (more likely to nap)
  • Circadian rhythm is not as “strong” as it once was (natural cycles weaken with age)
19
Q

EEG: Slow Wave Sleep

A
  • Stages N1, N2 and N3 (deep sleep)
  • Characterized by slowing of the EEG
20
Q

Slow Wave Sleep: N1

A
  • Drowsiness/earliest stage of sleep
  • Physical characteristics: slow rolling movements of the eyes, EMGs usually show muscle activity
  • EEG characteristics: low voltage, slowing of frequency
21
Q

Slow Wave Sleep: N2

A
  • True sleep
  • Physical characteristics: EMGs show muscle activity but relatively quiet
  • EEG characteristics: increasing voltage EEG, slowing of frequency, sleep spindles
22
Q

Slow Wave Sleep: Sleep Spindles

A
  • Sometimes appear in N1, but are most prominent in N2
  • Bursts of alpha-like activity interrupting the slower EEG of sleep
  • May be preceded by a sharp wave called a K Complex
23
Q

Slow Wave Sleep: N3

A
  • True sleep
  • Physical characteristics: deep sleep, muscle EMG is quiet (due to cortex not sending message out)
  • EEG characteristics: increasing voltage EEG, slowing of frequency (theta and delta waves prominent)
24
Q

REM Sleep: Physical Characteristics

A
  • Rapid side to side eye movement
  • EMG becomes very quiet due to suppression of Locus Ceruleus
  • Vivid dreams occur here
25
Q

REM Sleep: EEG Characteristics

A
  • Rapid, low-voltage
  • Similar to beta waves
26
Q

Awake & Alert

A

Beta brain waves

27
Q

Awake but drowsy:

A

Alpha brain waves

28
Q

Stage 1 NREM Sleep

A

Mixture of Alpha and Theta brain waves

29
Q

Stage 2 NREM Sleep

A

Sleep spindles, K complexes, theta brain waves, and beginnings of delta waves

30
Q

Stage 3 NREM Sleep

A

Mixture of Theta and Delta brain waves

31
Q

Stage 4 NREM Sleep

A

Delta brain waves

32
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Caused by autoimmune response against neurons that make Orexin in the brain; interruption of suppression of sleep; enter REM sleep and whole cycle in about 30sec

NE Exam 3 (9 decks)

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