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NE Exam 3 > Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Procedural Memory

A
  • aka implicit memory, non-declarative memory, reflexive memory
  • skills and habits that have been used so much they are autonomic
  • involves cerebellum (motor skills) and nucleus accumbens (non-motor, habits)
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2
Q

Declarative Memory

A
  • aka explicit memory
  • conscious recognition/recollection of learned facts and experiences
  • subdivided into two forms: episodic and semantic
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3
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory of events

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4
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Memory of words, language and rules

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5
Q

How long does Short-Term Memory last?

A

seconds to hours

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6
Q

How long does Long-Term Memory last?

A

years

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7
Q

Working Memory

A
  • recalling a fact
  • looks like short-term memory
  • you’ve learned it and now you are retrieving it for use
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8
Q

Plasticity

A
  • alterations in the CNS based on use
  • can be changes in synaptic functioning (post-tetanic potentiation, long term potentiation) or changes in the structure of the neurons (gain/loss of synapses, changes in dendrites, changes in soma of the neuron)
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9
Q

Post-Tetanic Stimulation: Condition

A
  • brief, high-frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron
  • produces an increase in NT release that lasts about 60sec
  • increases probability of APs in post-synaptic cell
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10
Q

Post-Tetamic Stimulation: Mechanism

A

brief high level of stimulation allowed more calcium to enter to enter the terminal than could be dealt with; leads to greater NT release and a greater probability of AP in the post-synaptic cell

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11
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

Changes in both pre- and post-synaptic repsonses to NT release so same NT release creates larger response (NMDA reeptors); lasts for hours

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12
Q

CREB

A

changes in synapse structure (permanent) and creation of new synapses via protein synthesis

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13
Q

Creating Declarative (Explicit) Memories: 4 Step Process

A

(1) Encoding
(2) Storage of the information
(3) Consolidation
(4) Retrieval

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14
Q

Explicit Memories: Encoding

A
  • attending new info (focus, attention)
  • linking it to previous memories
  • emotion is an important component
  • may require moving from default mode network to salience mode
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15
Q

Explicit Memories: Storage of the Information

A
  • retention of information over time
  • initial stage involves formation of short-term memory
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16
Q

Short-Term Memory: Anatomical Structures

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Parahippocampal Cortex
  • Prefrontal Cortex

also interconnections to the neocortex and amygdala via the nucleus basalis of Meynert (cholinergic projection)

17
Q

Target of Alzheimers Disease:

A

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

18
Q

Short-Term Memory: Physiological Substrate

A

LTP (allows us to store information)

19
Q

Declarative Memory: Consolidation

A
  • process of making a memory permanent
  • involves physical changes in synaptic structure
  • short-term memory –> long term memory
20
Q

Brain structures involved in consolidating memory from short- to long-term memory (consolidation):

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Temporal Lobes
  • Papez Circuit
21
Q

Where are Long-Term Memories stored?

A

The area of the cortex related to the modality of the individual components (ex. visual info stored in visual cortex)

22
Q

Physiology of Consolidation

A
  • requires continued activation of Papez Circuit
  • LTP –> papez circuit –> formation of new synapses in associated regions of the brain
23
Q

Declarative Memory: Retrieval

A
  • recalling or using the memory
  • bringing it into working memory
  • can be modified/lost at this point
24
Q

Structures involved in reassembling of Long-Term Memory:

A
  • Neocortex
  • Parahippocampal Region
  • Hippocampus
25
Q

Steps of Recalling/Retrieving Memories

A

(1) PFC decides what information you want to recall
(2) Signal sent to Parahippocampal region
(3) Signal sent to Hippocampus which retrieves what components of the memory the neocortex needs; entire memory reconstructed here
(4) Reconstructed memory from Hippocampus then travels back through the Parahippocampal region to the cortex

26
Q

The ___ is important in prolonging the life of the cortical “trace” of the memory

A

Parahippocampus

27
Q

What are the 3 components of the Working Memory Model?

A
  • Central Executive
  • Phonological Loop
  • Visuospatial Loop
28
Q

Working Memory: Central Executive

A
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Most active when “doing things”
29
Q

Working Memory: Phonological Loop

A
  • Broca and Wernicke Area
  • Provide/interpret the auditory information associated with the memory
30
Q

Working Memory: Visuospatial Loop

A
  • Occipital Cortex associated with vision
  • Provide/interpret the visual information associated with the memory
31
Q

Place Cells

A
  • Detailed memory of space; neurons that are active only at specific places
  • Located/stored in Hippocampus using special pyramidal cells in CAI
  • Creates a spacial map that serves as an “anchor” for the reconstruction of memory
32
Q

Place cells receive inputs from 3 other spatially activated cells:

A
  • Grid Cells
  • Head Direction Cell
  • Border Neurons
33
Q

Grid Cells

A
  • Located in Entorhinal Cortex
  • Create a grid map of a place you are in
34
Q

Head Directional Cell

A

Tells you what direction your head is facing

35
Q

Border Neurons

A

Active when near walls or other borders

NE Exam 3 (9 decks)

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