Physiological and acoustic phonetics

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

Code or system or symbols

Question 2

phonology

Answer 2

scientifiec study of the sound systems and patters used to create the sounds and words in a language

Question 3

phonemes

Answer 3

smallest unit of a sound that can affect meaning (fan vs man)

Question 4

Allophones

Answer 4

variations of phonemes that do not change meaning (accents saying phonemes differently)

Question 5

Vowels

Answer 5

Always voiced
may stand alone
velum always elevated
vocal tract open
airflow continuous

Question 6

Consonants

Answer 6

voiced or voiceless
always combined with vowels
velum elevated or lowered
vocal tract modified or constricted
airflow modified or stopped

Question 7

onset

Answer 7

initial consonant or consonant clusters of the syllable

Question 8

nucleus

Answer 8

this is the vowel of diphthong in the middle of the syllable

Question 9

Coda

Answer 9

consonant at the end of a syllable

Question 10

open syllables vs closed syllables

Answer 10

open end in vowels (hey) and closed end in consonants (bat)

Question 11

Distinctive features

Answer 11

set of unique characteristics of speech sounds of all languages

Question 12

Place/manner/voice analysis

Answer 12

categorizes consonants in terms of 3 parameters: place, voice, and manner of production

Question 13

bilabials

Answer 13

produced by mutual contact of the upper and lower lips (w, m, p, b)

Question 14

labiodentals

Answer 14

articulated by the upper teeth to lower lip (f, v)

Question 15

glottal sound

Answer 15

/h/, produced at the level of the glottis by open vocal folds through which air passes through

Question 16

linguavelars (velars)

Answer 16

tongue contacts the velum (g, k, ung)

Question 17

linguapalatals

Answer 17

tongue blade to hard palate (j, r, dz, ts, 3, sh)

Question 18

lingua alveolars

Answer 18

tip of tongue to alveolar ridge (s, z, n, l, t, d)

Question 19

lingua dentals (interdentals)

Answer 19

th (voiced and voiceless). protruding tongue tip slightly between front teeth

Question 20

nasal sounds

Answer 20

m, n, ung

Question 21

fricatives

Answer 21

h, 3(vision), sh, s, z, th (voiced and voiceless), f, v

Question 22

affricates

Answer 22

(j) jane and ch (chair)

Question 23

stops

Answer 23

p, b, t, d, k, g

Question 24

glides

Answer 24

j and w

Question 25

liquids

Answer 25

r and l

Question 26

suprasegments

Answer 26

features of prosody and add meaning, variety, and color to running speech

Question 27

simple harmonic motion

Answer 27

tone of a single frequency repeating itself, also called sinusoidal motion.

Question 28

Frequency

Answer 28

measure of the number of cycles per second or hertz.

Question 29

Front vowels

Answer 29

/I/: bit
/i/: see
/e/: make
/E/: let
/ae/: tan

Question 30

central vowels

Answer 30

/ɝ/ (stressed) and /ɚ/ (unstressed)–mirth vs mother
/ə/ above (unstressed)
/ʌ/money (stressed)

Question 31

back vowels

Answer 31

/u/: spoon (long u sound)
/ʊ/: took, foot (short u sound)
/o/: coat
/ɔ/: fought, caught
/a/: father, calm, pocket

Question 32

diphthongs

Answer 32

slow gliding movement from one vowel to the adjacent vowel
/ai/: pipe
/au/: cow, house
/ɔi/: toil, boy
/eI/: take, face

Question 33

rate of speech def

Answer 33

speed of speech

Question 34

sound waves def

Answer 34

movements of particles in a medium containing expansions and contractions of molecules

Question 35

compression vs rarefaction

Answer 35

compression: phase of sound in which the vibratory movements of an objects increase the density of air molecules because the molecules are compressed or condensed
rarefaction: thinning of the air molecules when vibrating object returns to equilibrium. Opposite of compression

Question 36

periodic vs aperiodic waves

Answer 36

periodic: sound waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals and are predictable

Aperiodic: random vibratory patterns and therefore are difficult to predict from one time interval to the next

Question 37

amplitube

Answer 37

magnitude and direction of displacement

Question 38

intensity

Answer 38

quality of sound that creates the sensation of loudness. Measured in Bels or decibels

Question 39

density

Answer 39

amount of mass per unit volume. density serves as a medium for sound and affects sound transmission

Question 40

oscillation

Answer 40

refers to back and forth movement of the air molecules because of vibrating object

Question 41

force

Answer 41

measures in terms of newton. acceleration of a body in the direction of its application

Question 42

elasticity

Answer 42

property that makes it possible for matter to recover its form and volume when subjected to distortion

Question 43

velocity

Answer 43

measured in terms of distance an object moves per the time and direction it takes as it moves

Question 44

natural frequency, formant frequency and fundamental frequency definitions

Answer 44

natural: frequency with which a source of sound normally vibrates
formant: a freuency region with concentrated acoustic energy. It is the center frequency of a formant which is resonance
fundamental: lowest frequency of a periodic wave. It is the first harmonic.

Question 45

octave

Answer 45

indication of the interval between two frequencies. Always a ration of 1:2 (doubles a frequency)

Question 46

impedence

Answer 46

resistance to motion or sound transmission

Question 47

pressure

Answer 47

amount of force per unit area

Question 48

reflection vs refraction

Answer 48

reflection: phenomenon of sound waves traveling back after hitting an obstacle
refraction: bending of the sound wave, example when it moves mediums (air to water)

Question 49

resonance

Answer 49

modification of sound by other sourses