Physiological adaptions to strength, speed, power Flashcards
List the primary neurological adaptations to strength training?
- improved synchronization and improvement
- increased firing frequency
- decreased autogenic inhibition
- reduced co-activation (agonist and antagonist fired simultaneously)
- cross education training effects: contralateral increase in limb strength
- post-activation potentiation (PAP)
What are the primary muscular adaptations to strength training?
- microdamage: microtears from being under tension
- intracellular signalling: mechanical stretch and force on the muscle stimulates a cascade of events that signal protein synthesis -> hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy: increase CSA
- possible hyperplasia (increase number of cells)
- changes to connective tissue: increased ligament strength and tendon stiffness
- changes in pennation angles
What is post-activation potentiation and how is it used?
- phenomena where a muscles recent contractile history affects its current performance
- small sets of dynamic movement prior to exercise effort (power) e.g. squats to box jump
- caused by:
- increased sensitivity of actin-myosin to Ca2+
- increased synaptic excitation within the spinal cord that allows for increased post-synaptic potentials = greater force development.
What is the intracellular signalling pathway adaptation to strength training?
- resistance training
- muscle stretch increase
- increase in insulin growth factor 1
- increase in Akt (protein kinase)
- increase in mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)
- protein synthesis
- muscle hypertrophy
Changes to the anaerobic energy system with strength training?
- no changes to enzymes
- no change to ATP + PCr storage
- possible increase on glycogen stores in muscle
Cardiac adaptations to strength training?
- cardiac hypertrophy
- LV wall, IV septum and IV mass due to increased blood pressure
- concentric hypertrophy
- may be due to steroid use or in proportion to muscle mass
Detail the process of muscular hypertrophy
- What occurs?
- What’s important?
- increase in CSA due to an increase in actin and myosin filaments
- more sarcomeres are laid down
- increase number of sarcomeres leads to increased number of possible cross-bridges = increased forces
- satellite cells proliferate leading to increased myonuclei servicing each fibre
- = increased protein synthesis
- protein synthesis must outpace breakdown to make a size difference
When does hypertrophy occur?
- detectable 3 weeks after training
- occurs with strength/resistance training
- rapid at the start then a gradual process
Explain the concept of the concurrent training effect
- what is it?
- why does it occur?
When endurance training is added to strength training; strength is less developed and the rate of force development is compromised.
Proposed reasons:
- neural adaptations conflicted
- conflicting fibre type adaptations
- interference with protein synthesis pathways required for hypertrophy
Describe the relationship between power and strength
Power is the rapid application of strength. Strength is needed prior to power development training.
Describe how strength, power and speed are related
- Speed is the application of strength, power and anaerobic energy system adaptations
- optimal development of each factor is required for speed performance
What is speed assisted training and its purpose?
e.g. overspeed training
= neuromuscular and cadence development
- cadence relies on the motor control system keeping up with the speed of movement
What is speed resisted training and its purpose?
added resistance to movement e.g parachutes
= power development
What is chronic hypertrophy?
increase in muscle size that occurs with regular training.
Generally involves an increased size of muscle fibres CSA and an increase in the whole muscle size.
What is transient hypertrophy?
Temporary increase in muscle size that occurs immediately after training due to oedema in tissue caused by a shift in plasma from the blood into the interstitial and intercellular space
