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Endocrine Exam 1 > Physio: Hypothalamus and Pituitary > Flashcards

Physio: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

Which neurosecretory neuron produced hormones going the posterior pituitary

A

magnocellular

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2
Q

Which neurosecretory neuron produced hormones going the anterior pituitary

A

parvocellular

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3
Q

Which hormones are produced by the magnocellular neurons

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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4
Q

which part of the pituitary gland does it go down to and how?

A

posterior pit.

ADH and Oxytocin (produced in the neurosecetory cells go down axon to axon endings

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5
Q

Where does ADH go and stimulate

A

kidney tubules

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6
Q

where does Oxytocin go and stimulate

A

smooth muscle of uterus

mammary glands

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7
Q

Which hormones are produced by the parvocellular neurons

A

Release and release-inhibiting hormones

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8
Q

The most important stimulation of ADH release is controlled by …

A

serum osmolarity

increase in osmolarity, increases ADH release

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9
Q

What other conditions increase ADH release

A

pain/nausea, hypoglycemia, nicotine/opiates

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10
Q

what substances decrease ADH release

A

ethanol, ANP

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11
Q

what does ADH do to the kidneys

A

increases water reabsorption

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12
Q

what does ADH do to the vasculature

A

increases vasoconstriction via Ca2+

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13
Q

what condition is associated with excess ADH release

A

SIADH

  • tumor production of AVP
  • reduced urine, hyponatremia
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14
Q

what condition is associated with decreased ADH release

A

Diabetes insipidus

  • central
  • nephrogenic
  • excessive thirst (water intake)
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15
Q

Review: central diabetes insip

A

Neurogenic - decreased hypothalamic release of ADH

underlying cause: trauma, inflammatory, cancer

Responds to desmopressin

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16
Q

Review: nephrogenic DI

A

decreased renal responsiveness

due to: congential, lithium, or hypokalemia

no response to desmopressin

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17
Q

what are the physical stimulations for the release of oxytocin

A

suckling of the teat
dilation of the cerix
ORGASM!

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18
Q

what are the physiological role of oxytocin

A
  1. contraction of myoepitheial cells of the breast –> ejection of breast milk
  2. contraction of uterus cells to induce labor –> up-reg of receptors (pos. feedback)
  3. regression of uterus after delivery
  4. increases ACTH release by CRH
  5. vasoconstriction
  6. stim prolactin release
  7. elevated during orgasm –> intensifies it
    - regulate ejaculation
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19
Q

name the three basophil adenohypophysis and what they secrete?

A

thyrotropes - TSH
corticotropes - ACTH
gonadotropes - FSH and LH

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20
Q

name the 2 acidophil adenohypophysis and what they secrete?

A

somatotropes - GH

lactotropes - prolactin

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21
Q

name the 4 stimulatory hypothalamic-releasing hormones (HRH)

A

CRH, TRH, GHRH, GnRH (LHRH)

22
Q

name the 2 inhibitory HRH

A

somatostatin, dopamine

23
Q

a peptide hormone that binds to a cAMP-dependent GPCR

24
Q

what increases ACTH release

A
  • phy and emotion stress
  • ADH/AVP.
  • sleep-wake cycle–> pulsatile changes peaking in the morning and falling during sleep
25
Q

what decreases ACTH release

A

glucocorticoids

26
Q

stimulates TSH release via a IP-3 dependent pathway

27
Q

what increases TSH release

A
  • cold temperature

- sleep-wake cycle–> pulsatile changes peaking in the morning and falling during sleep

28
Q

what decreases TSH release

A
  • somatostatin

- Thyroid hormone

29
Q

what other hormonal release does TRH stimulate, what inhibits it

A

prolactin

dopamine

30
Q

peptide hormone that causes the secretion of LH and FSH via IP3 dependent pathway

31
Q

polypeptide hormone secreted by lactotropes

32
Q

TRUE or FALSE: during preggers, estrogen increases lactotropes and prolactin gene expression

33
Q

… and … effect the release of GH through what pathway

A

GHRH…somatostatin

via cAMP-dependent pathway

34
Q

what inhibits GH release

A
  • high concentration of plasma GH

- high concentration of plasma IGF-1

35
Q

What factors increase GH release

A 
phy or emotional stress 
vigorous exercise
decrease blood glucose
low plasma free fatty acids
age 
starvation/fasting
protein deficiency
Ghrelin
increased arginine
Hormones: estrogen, androgens, thyroid
36
Q

what factors decrease GH release

A

obesity

increase in blood glucose

37
Q

what pathway produces IGF-1

A

tyrosine kinase dependent pathway which is activated via the JAK2 receptor in liver

38
Q

what does GH do

A

increases lypolysis, lean body mass (via protein syn), IGF-1 production

decreases movement of glucose into cells

39
Q

what does IGF-1 do

A
  • increases protein syn in chondrocytes –> increases linear growth of bones
  • increases lean body mass
  • increases organ size
40
Q

what is panhypopituitarism

A
  • disease of hypothal or ant.
  • congential or destructive
  • trauma, ischemia
  • isolated GH or gonadotropin deficiency
41
Q

hypopituitarism in children

A

Dwarfism: proportional reduction in size (dec GH)
mental retardation: (dec TSH)
lack of sexual devel: (dec FSH, LH)

42
Q

hypopituitarism in adults

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • depressed glucocorticoid production
  • loss of sexual fxn
43
Q

Hyperpituitarism: excess GH

A
  • gigantism

- acromegaly

44
Q

what is gigantism

A

found in ADOLESCENCE

  • over activity in acidophils d/t adenoma
  • s/s: hyperglycemia and diabetes
  • may develop panhypopituitarism if tumor destrys gland
45
Q

what is acromegaly

A

found in ADULT

  • acidophilic tumor after puberty
  • no incr in height BUT bones thicker (hands/feet) and soft tissue growth (nose, forehead, jaw, cartilage)
  • s/s: cardiac hypertrophy, visual impairemnt
46
Q

Hyperpituitarism: excess GH

A
  • gigantism

- acromegaly

47
Q

what is gigantism

A

found in ADOLESCENCE

  • over activity in acidophils d/t adenoma
  • s/s: hyperglycemia and diabetes
  • may develop panhypopituitarism if tumor destrys gland
48
Q

what is acromegaly

A

found in ADULT

  • acidophilic tumor after puberty
  • no incr in height BUT bones thicker (hands/feet) and soft tissue growth (nose, forehead, jaw, cartilage)
  • s/s: cardiac hypertrophy, visual impairemnt
49
Q

most common pituitary tumor

A

prolactinomas due to excess prolactin

50
Q

what can cause hyperprolactinemia

A

dopamine antagonist drug treatment

51
Q

pituitary dwarfism- hyposecretion

A
  • growth is severely impaired
  • metabolically normal
  • tendency for hypoglycemia and insulinopenia
52
Q

what disorder is associated with GH insensitivity

A

Levi-Laron dwarfism

  • GH receptor defective
  • failure to generate IGF’s

Endocrine Exam 1 (11 decks)

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