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Endocrine Exam 1 > Biochem 1: hormone action > Flashcards

Biochem 1: hormone action Flashcards

1
Q

Where are endocrine hormones secreted into

A

the blood

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2
Q

True or False: endocrine hormones travel to distant sights of action

A

True

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3
Q

What is an endocrine hormone

A

chemical secreted by cell or group of cells into the blood

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4
Q

What are the general characteristics of endocrine hormones

A
  1. work on multiple tissues
  2. work at relatively low concentrations
  3. Have to bind to receptors on either cell surfaces or intracelluar
  4. Ellicit non-genomic or genomic responses
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5
Q

What are the 2 major classes of hormone receptors

A
  1. cell surface receptor

2. intracellular receptor

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6
Q

Intracellular receptors can be subdivided into 2 types, what are they

A
  1. cytosolic

2. nuclear

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7
Q

What do hormonal responses depend on?

A
  1. R availability
  2. hormone concentration
  3. affinity for the receptor
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8
Q

What happens with cytosolic receptors

A

translocates to the nucleus after binding of ligand

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9
Q

What happens with nuclear receptors

A

since its already in teh nucleus, it is directly associated with DNA and gene they are regulating

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10
Q

cell surface receptors lead to…

and how do they do it

A

rapid, non genomic responses
by altering protein functions

however, can have genomic response BUT often occurs through a CASCADE EFFECT

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11
Q

Intracellular receptors lead to…

and how do they do it

A

delayed, genomic responses

by altering gene expression

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12
Q

How many transcription factors domains are associated with intracellular steroid receptor

A

4

DNA binding domain 
ligand biding domain
Dimerization domain 
Trans-activation domain 
(cytosolic only) nuclear localization signal
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13
Q

What is the DNA binding domain

A
  1. binds the receptor/ligand complex to the DNA sequence needed to regulate the gene of interest
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14
Q

What are also seen in the DNA binding domain

A

Zinc fingers - allows for binding to DNA in proper oreintation
so that the TF’s can bind the recptor complex and regulate gene expression

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15
Q

What is the Ligand binding domain

A

the portion of the receptor that binds the hormone

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16
Q

What is the dimerization domain

A

allows for the dimerization of receptor/ligand complex

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17
Q

Dimerization is often needed for…

A

the correct function of TF/R complexes

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18
Q

TRUE or FALSE : is dimerization domain seen in all steroid receptors

A

FALSE

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19
Q

What is the trans-activation domain

A

portion that binds to transcriptional regualtor proteins

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20
Q

What is the nuclear localization signal

A

allows for the targeting of the ligand/receptor complex to the NUCLEUS

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21
Q

Where are the sites of hormone production in the Endocrine system

A
  1. hypothalamus and pituitary gland
  2. thyroid and parathyroid
  3. adrenal
  4. pancreas
  5. ovaries and testes
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22
Q

What are the 3 main categories of hormones based on chemical classification

A
  1. protein/peptide
  2. steriod
  3. amino acid
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23
Q

What are the 3 main categories of hormones based on chemical classification

A
  1. protein/peptide
  2. steriod
  3. amino acid
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24
Q

what are protein/peptide made from

A

gene expression of protein expressing genes (In other words they are made of Proteins)

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25
The majority of hormones are (BLANK) hormones
protein/peptide | especially those from the pituitary
26
what are protein/peptide made from
gene expression of protein expressing genes
27
The majority of hormones are (BLANK) hormones
protein/peptide | especially those from the pituitary
28
Are protein/peptide hormones water soluble or insoluble
soluble
29
TRUE or FALSE: protein/peptide hormones have a quick half-life
TRUE; minutes
30
Which receptors do they usually bind to
cell surface receptors | and leads to rapid response
31
channels, enzymes, transport can be altered by which hormone
protein/peptide
32
protein/peptide hormone response is dependent on what 3 facotrs?
1. hormone concentration 2. availability 3. affinity of receptor for ligand
33
can protein hormones be made in advanced? why?
yes, bc they can be stored in vesicles and released when needed
34
What is the first step in synthesizing protein/peptide hormone
pre-prohormone is made in the RER
35
how is pre-prohormone made
mRNA on ribosome binds aa into a peptide chain
36
What happens to pre-prohormone
its modified in the ER to PROHORMONE due to removal of a signal sequence, which makes it inactive
37
Where do the prohormones go to next
goes through the Golgi complex
38
after the golgi, what happens to the prohormone
secretory vesicles bud off the golgi containing prohormone and enzymes the enzymes cut the prohormone in active peptides (hormone)
39
how are peptide hormones secreted
vesicles fuses with cell membrane which releases the hormone into the blood
40
where do steroid hormones derive from
cholesterol
41
Are steroid hormones water soluble or lipid soluble
lipid soluble
42
How do they enter the cell
via diffusion
43
What is the half-life of steroids
usually hours | they have long half-lives
44
Why do steroid hormones typically have long half-lives
bc they bind to plasma protein (Albumin) --> leads to 'reserve pool' steroids attached to proteins are NOT CLEARED from the blood readily
45
Steroid receptors bind to which receptor
intracellular receptor
46
What do steroid hormones act on once inside the nucleus
Chromatin (as TF) ; regulating gene expression
47
steroid hormone lead to delayed, genomic response; true or false
TRUE
48
how are steroid hormones usually secreted as
pre-prohormone, which have to be cleaved to an active hormone
49
Can steroid hormones be stored in vesicles, why?
no they can't bc they are lipophilic so they would seep out therefore made as needed
50
where are steroid hormones made
adrenal cortex, gonads, placenta
51
What two hormones classes are Tyr based
Thyroid and Catecholamines
52
What hormones are made in the gonads
estradiol and other sex hormones
53
what are the some thyroid hormone properties
long half-life | nuclear hormones --> act on chromatin
54
What two hormones are Tyr based
Thyroid and Catecholamines
55
what hormone is Trp based
Melatonin
56
what are the some thyroid hormone properties
long half-life | nuclear hormones --> act on chromatin
57
name 2 thyroid hormones
Thyroxine (T4) | Triiodothyronine (T3)
58
name 3 Catecholamines
dopamine, NE, Epi
59
what are the some Catecholamine properties
neurohormones short half life acts on cell surface receptors
60
what is short neg feedback
the ant. pituitary hormone feeds back on the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormone e.g: GH inhibits GHRH
61
what is long neg feedback
from the gland the hormone feeds back all the way to the hypothalamic-pit axis e.g: insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is stimulated to be released by GH. IGF-1, in turn, inhibits GHRH and GH
62
what is ultrashort neg feedback
hypothalamic hormone inhibits its own secretion | e.g: GHRH inhibits GHRH secretion
63
what is short neg feedback
the ant. pituitary hormone feeds back on the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormone
64
what is long neg feedback
from the gland the hormone feeds back all the way to the hypothalamic-pit axis
65
what does positive feedback do
product stimulated by hormone release --> eventually cause an increase in hormone release enhance stimulus culminates in events
66
Give an example of positive feedback
oxytocin during labor | culminates in childbirth
67
Give examples of negative feedback
EPO, ANP, aldosterone, ADH/AVP, insulin, leptin
68
What is regulated in peptide hormones
BOTH synthesis and release
69
Are steroid hormone synthesis regulated? release?
yes synthesis is regulated | no release isn't bc no storage of steroid hormone
70
What is regulated in amino acid hormones
only synthesis ( She put that in her slide, but catecholamines are always put into vesicles and then released upon proper stimulus, not entirely sure if she made a mistake or not).
71
the intended response element will inhibit hormone release, is what type of feedback mech?
simple
72
Example of simple feedback
glucagon is released in response of low blood sugar. The release then stimulates an increase in blood sugar. Then the increased sugar level causes inhibition of glucagon release
73
what are the major signaling pathways
1. intracellular receptors 2. jak/stat 3. GPCR 4. PI-3 Kinase pathway 5. RAS pathway
74
What are the properties of intracellular receptors
they are inside the cell and have hydrophobic ligands they act in the nucleus by binding to DNA --> regulating genes have delayed, genomic response
75
name some hydrophobic ligands
Vit D3, cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen
76
jak/stat is a membrane spanning receptor; true or false
TRUE
77
which ligands bind to jak/stat
prolactin, GH
78
Does STAT activate JAK
NOPE! | JAK activates STAT
79
what does STAT do
translocates to the nucleus after being activated by JAK and regulates gene expression
80
STAT
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription
81
JAK
Janus Kinase
82
Are GPCR a membrance spanning receptor
yes, they bind to ligands at the cell membrane
83
What 3 variants do GPCR activate
Gs, Gq, Gi
84
How does Gs work
activate adenlyl cyclase --> producing cAMP -->activates PKA --> phosphorylate effector molecules either inhibiting it or activating it
85
what hormones works on Gs
Epinephrine (among other, ADH does as well for V2 receptors)
86
Gs has only cellular effects; TRUE or FALSE
FALSE | they have both cellular and genomic effects (through CREB)
87
What does Gi do
inhibits Gs
88
What does Gq do
activates PLC --> PLC will cleave membrane lipids to DAG and IP3 --> leads to an increase in Ca2+ --> activates PKC --> phosphorylate effector molecules
89
Gq only has genomic effects; TRUE or FALSE
FALSE, sucka | they have both cellular and genomic effects (through CREB)
90
How does PI-3 kinase work
tyrosine kinase (TK) activates PI3 --> activates PKB
91
what kind of effect does PKB have
genomic effect
92
what hormone binds to PI-3 kinase
insulin
93
How does RAS pathway work
TK activates RAF --> activates MEK --> activates ERK --> ERK translocates to the nucleus and has genomic effects
94
What disorder is associated with hyposecretion
DM1
95
Cushings is associated with...
Hypersecretion (too much cortisol)
96
what disorder is associated with abnl tissue respsonse
DM2

Endocrine Exam 1 (11 decks)

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