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Endocrine Exam 1 > Biochem 2: pit and hypo > Flashcards

Biochem 2: pit and hypo Flashcards

1
Q

Describe hypophysiotropic hormones

A

hormones derived from the hypothal and enters the portal system and act on the ANTERIOR PITUITARY

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2
Q

what is another word for hypohysiotropic hormones

A

“releasing hormones”

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3
Q

Where are hypophysiotropic hormones produced

A
  1. arcuate nucleus
  2. paraventricular nucleus
  3. anterior periventricular nucleus
  4. supraoptic nucleus
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4
Q

What type of hormone is hypophysiotropic hormone

A

peptide hormone released as pre-prohormone

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5
Q

Describe adenohypophysis hormones

A

hormones secreted from anterior pit. Usually in response to releasing hormones from hypothal

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6
Q

What type of hormone is adenohypophysis

A

peptide hormones

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7
Q

What type of tissue is anterior pit from

A

Ectoderm tissue

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8
Q

name a few adenohypophysis hormones

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH, GH, prolactin, endorphins

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9
Q

Describe neurohypophysis hormones

A

made in the hypothal and goes into the general circulation via the posterior pit.

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10
Q

What type of tissue is posterior from

A

neural tissue and an extension of the hypothal

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11
Q

name 2 neurohypophysis hormone

A

ADH and oxytocin

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12
Q

Synthesis of PRL , an ant. pit. hormones occurs in the ant. pit in the absence of inhibitory tone; TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

and also in response to releasing hormone (PRH)

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13
Q

What do somatotrophs secrete? what stimulates it? What inhibits it? where does it target?

A

GH
GHRH - stimulates
Somatostatin - inhibits
Targets: bones, soft tissue, entire body

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14
Q

What do lactotrophs secrete? what stimulates it? What inhibits it? where does it target?

A

Prolactin
PRH - stimulates
Dopamine - inhibits
Targets: mammary glands

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15
Q

What do thyrotrophs secrete? what stimulates it? where does it target?

A

TSH
TRH - stimulates
Targets: Thyroid

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16
Q

What do corticotrophs secrete? what stimulates it? where does it target?

A

ACTH
CRH - stimulates
Targets: Adrenal cortex

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17
Q

What do gonadotrophs secrete? what stimulates it? where does it target?

A

FSH and LH
GnRH - stimulates
Targets: Testes or Ovaries

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18
Q

post. pit. hormone is secreted into …

and out into …

A

the general circulation

the blood stream

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19
Q

oxytocin is released in response to …

A

uterine birth –> contraction or breast feeding –> the smooth muscles contract around the mammary gland

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20
Q

ADH is released in response to …

A

hyperosmolaity, fluid depletion, and thrist

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21
Q

All hypophysiotrophic hormones are peptide hormones except,…

A

Dopamine

its a catecholamine made from tyrosine (aa hormone)

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22
Q

Hypophysiotrophic hormone that goes to the post. pit are made from what cells in the hypothal

A

Magnocellular cells

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23
Q

Both oxytocin adn ADH have what types of bonds

A

disulfide bonds

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24
Q

Are the genes for vasopressin and oxytocin on the same chromosome

A

YES they are

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25
Oxytocin is produced on the same protein sequence as ...
neurophysin I
26
What happens to both neurophysin I and oxytocin
splicing cleaves the two proteins to their active form They are secreted together Often thought that neurophysin I is a carrier protein for oxytocin
27
Where is vasopressin transcribed from
the same mRNA as neurophysin II
28
What happens to both vasopressin and neurophysin II
cleavage splits the 2 proteins to their active form Neurophysin II is thought to be the carrier protein of ADH
29
What receptor and where does ADH target?
``` V1 receptor (vascular) - V2 recptor (renal) ```
30
what happens when ADH targets V1 receptor
binds to Gq --> smooth muscle constriction (in vasculature) --> increased blood pressure Gq (PLC, IP3/DAG, PKC, Ca2+)
31
when ADH targets V1 receptor what effect is triggered
cellular effect
32
what happens when ADH targets V2 receptor
binds to Gs --> up-regulation of aquaporins in the kidney --> increases water reabsorption Gs (AC, cAMP, PKA)
33
when ADH targets V2 receptor what effect is triggered
genomic effect
34
What receptor and where does oxytocin target?
binds to OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR in UTERUS smooth muscle and MAMMARY smooth muscle
35
How does the oxytocin receptor work
works through Gq --> contraction of smooth muscles mammary --> milk ejection uterus -->contraction during birth
36
What receptor and where does GH target?
binds to GH receptors in BONE, TISSUE, MUSCLES, etc...
37
How does the GH receptor work
works through JAK/STAT receptor --> STAT translocates to the nucleus --> regulates gene related to METABOLISM, growth, and differenitation
38
what happens when ADH targets V2 receptor
binds to Gs --> up-regulation of aquaporins in the kidney --> increases water reabsorption Gs (AC, cAMP, PKA)
39
when ADH targets V2 receptor what effect is triggered
genomic effect
40
What receptor and where does oxytocin target?
binds to oxytocin receptor in uterus smooth muscle and mammary smooth muscle
41
How does the oxytocin receptor work
works through Gq --> contraction of smooth muscles mammary --> milk ejection uterus -->contraction during birth
42
What receptor and where does GH target?
binds to GH receptors in BONE, TISSUE, MUSCLES, etc...
43
How does the GH receptor work
works through JAK/STAT receptor --> STAT translocates to the nucleus --> regulates gene related to METABOLISM, growth, and differenitation
44
the GH receptor as a result increases...
blood glucose, lipolysis, (possibly protein synthesis/AA uptake)
45
What is IGF-1
- its created in the liver in response to GH activation - induces cellular growth and proliferation more than GH - allows cells to utlize the energy rich molecules in blood that are released by GH
46
IGF-1 as a result increases and decreases what
increases: glucose uptake into extrahepatic tissue, AA uptake, and protein synthese decreases: lipolysis
47
what is unique about IGF-1
inhibitory to GH release | opposes the actions of GH
48
What receptor and where does prolactin target?
binds to prolactin receptor in MAMMARY glands
49
How does the Prolactin receptor work
works throught the JAK/STAT receptor (receptor dimerization) --> activates genes that are important in milk production (post partum) and for breast development (estrogen primed breast not puberty boobs)
50
GH secretion peaks at ... and/or in response to...
peaks at night | low energy states
51
Abnormal hyper secretion of GH is due to 2 phenomena
1. GH adenoma | 2. insensitivity of GHReceptors to GH
52
What 2 conditions develop due to GH adenoma
1. gigantism in CHILDREN (before growth plates fuse) | 2. acromegaly in ADULTS (growth of soft tissues and facies after growth plates fuse)
53
What happens in insensitivity of GHR to GH
there no feedback of IGF-1 to turn off the system bc there is no genomic effect with defective receptors (which leads to high GH concentration) --> Laron Dwarfism
54
what do GH and PRH have in common
the signaling pathway- JAK/STAT
55
TRUE or FALSE: JAK is phosphorylated upon binding of GH/PRL
TRUE dimerizes in PRL, may in GH
56
What else can be activated in the JAK/STAT cascade
MAP kinase | have an effect of proliferation by phosphorylating target proteins (genomic or cellular effect)
57
what is POMC
Pro-opionmelanocortin | pre-prohormone
58
POMC is modified to make...
ACTH, LPH, MSH
59
pathway of POMC
POMC cleaved to: 1. Pro-ACTH -->ACTH --> ACTH1-17 --> alphaMSH 2. Pro-LPH --> B-LPH --> betaMSH
60
WHat does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
61
where does melatonin derive from
Tryptophan
62
Melatonin's function
antioxidant and involved in the circadian rhythm CALCIFIED overtime production decreases as you age

Endocrine Exam 1 (11 decks)

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