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Endocrine Exam 1 > Biochem 2: pit and hypo > Flashcards

Biochem 2: pit and hypo Flashcards

1
Q

Describe hypophysiotropic hormones

A

hormones derived from the hypothal and enters the portal system and act on the ANTERIOR PITUITARY

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2
Q

what is another word for hypohysiotropic hormones

A

“releasing hormones”

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3
Q

Where are hypophysiotropic hormones produced

A
  1. arcuate nucleus
  2. paraventricular nucleus
  3. anterior periventricular nucleus
  4. supraoptic nucleus
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4
Q

What type of hormone is hypophysiotropic hormone

A

peptide hormone released as pre-prohormone

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5
Q

Describe adenohypophysis hormones

A

hormones secreted from anterior pit. Usually in response to releasing hormones from hypothal

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6
Q

What type of hormone is adenohypophysis

A

peptide hormones

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7
Q

What type of tissue is anterior pit from

A

Ectoderm tissue

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8
Q

name a few adenohypophysis hormones

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH, GH, prolactin, endorphins

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9
Q

Describe neurohypophysis hormones

A

made in the hypothal and goes into the general circulation via the posterior pit.

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10
Q

What type of tissue is posterior from

A

neural tissue and an extension of the hypothal

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11
Q

name 2 neurohypophysis hormone

A

ADH and oxytocin

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12
Q

Synthesis of PRL , an ant. pit. hormones occurs in the ant. pit in the absence of inhibitory tone; TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

and also in response to releasing hormone (PRH)

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13
Q

What do somatotrophs secrete? what stimulates it? What inhibits it? where does it target?

A

GH
GHRH - stimulates
Somatostatin - inhibits
Targets: bones, soft tissue, entire body

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14
Q

What do lactotrophs secrete? what stimulates it? What inhibits it? where does it target?

A

Prolactin
PRH - stimulates
Dopamine - inhibits
Targets: mammary glands

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15
Q

What do thyrotrophs secrete? what stimulates it? where does it target?

A

TSH
TRH - stimulates
Targets: Thyroid

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16
Q

What do corticotrophs secrete? what stimulates it? where does it target?

A

ACTH
CRH - stimulates
Targets: Adrenal cortex

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17
Q

What do gonadotrophs secrete? what stimulates it? where does it target?

A

FSH and LH
GnRH - stimulates
Targets: Testes or Ovaries

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18
Q

post. pit. hormone is secreted into …

and out into …

A

the general circulation

the blood stream

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19
Q

oxytocin is released in response to …

A

uterine birth –> contraction or breast feeding –> the smooth muscles contract around the mammary gland

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20
Q

ADH is released in response to …

A

hyperosmolaity, fluid depletion, and thrist

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21
Q

All hypophysiotrophic hormones are peptide hormones except,…

A

Dopamine

its a catecholamine made from tyrosine (aa hormone)

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22
Q

Hypophysiotrophic hormone that goes to the post. pit are made from what cells in the hypothal

A

Magnocellular cells

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23
Q

Both oxytocin adn ADH have what types of bonds

A

disulfide bonds

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24
Q

Are the genes for vasopressin and oxytocin on the same chromosome

A

YES they are

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25
Q

Oxytocin is produced on the same protein sequence as …

A

neurophysin I

26
Q

What happens to both neurophysin I and oxytocin

A

splicing cleaves the two proteins to their active form

They are secreted together

Often thought that neurophysin I is a carrier protein for oxytocin

27
Q

Where is vasopressin transcribed from

A

the same mRNA as neurophysin II

28
Q

What happens to both vasopressin and neurophysin II

A

cleavage splits the 2 proteins to their active form

Neurophysin II is thought to be the carrier protein of ADH

29
Q

What receptor and where does ADH target?

A 
V1 receptor (vascular) - 
V2 recptor (renal)
30
Q

what happens when ADH targets V1 receptor

A

binds to Gq –> smooth muscle constriction (in vasculature) –> increased blood pressure

Gq (PLC, IP3/DAG, PKC, Ca2+)

31
Q

when ADH targets V1 receptor what effect is triggered

A

cellular effect

32
Q

what happens when ADH targets V2 receptor

A

binds to Gs –> up-regulation of aquaporins in the kidney –> increases water reabsorption

Gs (AC, cAMP, PKA)

33
Q

when ADH targets V2 receptor what effect is triggered

A

genomic effect

34
Q

What receptor and where does oxytocin target?

A

binds to OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR in UTERUS smooth muscle and MAMMARY smooth muscle

35
Q

How does the oxytocin receptor work

A

works through Gq –> contraction of smooth muscles
mammary –> milk ejection
uterus –>contraction during birth

36
Q

What receptor and where does GH target?

A

binds to GH receptors in BONE, TISSUE, MUSCLES, etc…

37
Q

How does the GH receptor work

A

works through JAK/STAT receptor –> STAT translocates to the nucleus –> regulates gene related to METABOLISM, growth, and differenitation

38
Q

what happens when ADH targets V2 receptor

A

binds to Gs –> up-regulation of aquaporins in the kidney –> increases water reabsorption

Gs (AC, cAMP, PKA)

39
Q

when ADH targets V2 receptor what effect is triggered

A

genomic effect

40
Q

What receptor and where does oxytocin target?

A

binds to oxytocin receptor in uterus smooth muscle and mammary smooth muscle

41
Q

How does the oxytocin receptor work

A

works through Gq –> contraction of smooth muscles
mammary –> milk ejection
uterus –>contraction during birth

42
Q

What receptor and where does GH target?

A

binds to GH receptors in BONE, TISSUE, MUSCLES, etc…

43
Q

How does the GH receptor work

A

works through JAK/STAT receptor –> STAT translocates to the nucleus –> regulates gene related to METABOLISM, growth, and differenitation

44
Q

the GH receptor as a result increases…

A

blood glucose, lipolysis, (possibly protein synthesis/AA uptake)

45
Q

What is IGF-1

A
  • its created in the liver in response to GH activation
  • induces cellular growth and proliferation more than GH
  • allows cells to utlize the energy rich molecules in blood that are released by GH
46
Q

IGF-1 as a result increases and decreases what

A

increases: glucose uptake into extrahepatic tissue, AA uptake, and protein synthese
decreases: lipolysis

47
Q

what is unique about IGF-1

A

inhibitory to GH release

opposes the actions of GH

48
Q

What receptor and where does prolactin target?

A

binds to prolactin receptor in MAMMARY glands

49
Q

How does the Prolactin receptor work

A

works throught the JAK/STAT receptor (receptor dimerization) –> activates genes that are important in milk production (post partum) and for breast development (estrogen primed breast not puberty boobs)

50
Q

GH secretion peaks at … and/or in response to…

A

peaks at night

low energy states

51
Q

Abnormal hyper secretion of GH is due to 2 phenomena

A
  1. GH adenoma

2. insensitivity of GHReceptors to GH

52
Q

What 2 conditions develop due to GH adenoma

A
  1. gigantism in CHILDREN (before growth plates fuse)

2. acromegaly in ADULTS (growth of soft tissues and facies after growth plates fuse)

53
Q

What happens in insensitivity of GHR to GH

A

there no feedback of IGF-1 to turn off the system bc there is no genomic effect with defective receptors (which leads to high GH concentration) –> Laron Dwarfism

54
Q

what do GH and PRH have in common

A

the signaling pathway- JAK/STAT

55
Q

TRUE or FALSE: JAK is phosphorylated upon binding of GH/PRL

A

TRUE

dimerizes in PRL, may in GH

56
Q

What else can be activated in the JAK/STAT cascade

A

MAP kinase

have an effect of proliferation by phosphorylating target proteins (genomic or cellular effect)

57
Q

what is POMC

A

Pro-opionmelanocortin

pre-prohormone

58
Q

POMC is modified to make…

A

ACTH, LPH, MSH

59
Q

pathway of POMC

A

POMC cleaved to:

  1. Pro-ACTH –>ACTH –> ACTH1-17 –> alphaMSH
  2. Pro-LPH –> B-LPH –> betaMSH
60
Q

WHat does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

61
Q

where does melatonin derive from

A

Tryptophan

62
Q

Melatonin’s function

A

antioxidant and involved in the circadian rhythm

CALCIFIED overtime
production decreases as you age

Endocrine Exam 1 (11 decks)

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