Physio- Acid Base Lecture And Concentration And Dilution Of Urine

Question 1

State the primary disturbance for Metabolic Acidosis and metabolic alkalosis.

Answer 1

1. Metabolic acidosis — decrease in [HCO3-]
   — decrease in blood pH
   — hyperventilation
2. Metabolic alkalosis — increase in [HCO3-]
   — increase in blood pH CO2
   — hypoventilation

Question 2

State the primary disturbance for Respiratory Acidosis and Respiratory alkalosis.

Answer 2

1. Respiratory Acidosis — increase in [PCO2]
2. Respiratory Alkalosis — decrease in [PCO2]

Note: pH not affected in respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

Question 3

State the regulation of plasma osmolarity in response to water deprivation.

Answer 3

1. Increase plasma osmolarity
2. Stimulates osmoreceptors in anterior hypothalums
3. Increase ADH secretion from PP.
4. Increase water permeability in DT and CD
5. Increase H2O reabsorption
6. Increase urine osmolarity
7. Decrease urine volume
8. Decrease plasma osmolarity towards normals

Question 4

State the regulation of plasma osmolarity in response to water intake.

Answer 4

1. Decrease in plasma osmolarity
2. Inhibition of osmoreceptors in AH
3. Decrease in ADH secretion in PP
4. Decrease in water permeability in DT and CD
5. Decrease in H2O reabsorption
6. Decrease in urine osmolarity
7. Increase in urine volume
8. Increase is plasma osmolarity back to normal.

Question 5

State what happens when there is an addition of isotonic fluid to ECF.

Answer 5

1. Increase ECF volume
2. Decrease in plasma concentration and hematocrit
3. Increase in arterial blood pressure.

Question 6

State the effect of a loss of isotonic fluid on ECF.
Ex. Diarrhea.

Answer 6

1. Decrease ECF volume
2. Increase in plasma protein concentration and hematocrit
3. Decrease in arterial blood pressure.

Question 7

State the effect of an **additional NaCl* on ECF.
Ex. Excessive NaCl.

Answer 7

Known as hyper osmotic volume expansion.
1. Osmolarity of ECF increases.
2. Water shifts from ICF to ECF
3. ECF volume increases
4. ICF volume decreases
5. [Plasma protein] decreases and hematocrit decreases.

Question 8

State the effect of a loss of water on ECF.
Sweating, fever, diabetes.

Answer 8

Hyper osmotic volume contraction.
1. Increase ECF osmolarity
2. Increase in ICF osmolarity
3. Decrease in ECF volume
4. Decrease in ICF volume
5. Increase in [plasma protein]
6. hematocrit UNCHANGED
6. Decrease in arterial blood pressure.

Question 9

State the effect of a gain of water on ECF.
Ex. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.

Answer 9

Hyposmotic volume expansion.
1. Decrease ECF and ICF osmolarity
2. Increase in ECF and ICF volume
3. Decrease [plasma protein]
4. **Unchanged hematocrit

Question 10

State the effect of a loss of NaCl on ECF.
Ex. Adrenal insufficiency.

Answer 10

1. Decrease ECF and ICF osmolarity
2. Decrease ECF volume
3. Increase ICF volume
4. Increase [plasma protein] and hematocrit
5. Decrease in arterial pressure.