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Science Year 09 > Physics Y09 Aut1 > Flashcards

Physics Y09 Aut1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Front of Card

A

Back of Card

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2
Q

What are the eight energy stores?

A

Magnetic, kinetic, thermal (internal), gravitational, chemical, elastic potential, electrostatic, nuclear.

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3
Q

What are the four energy transfers?

A

Heating, mechanical, electrical, radiation

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4
Q

State the conservation of energy principle.

A

Energy is never created or destroyed. Only changed from one form to another.

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5
Q

What is dissipated energy?

A

Wasted energy that is transferred to the surroundings, usually as thermal energy or sound radiation.

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6
Q

Define power and give an equation to calculate power.

A

P = E ÷ t. It is the rate of which energy is transferred

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7
Q

Give the equation that relates efficiency to power.

A

Efficiency = useful power output ÷ total power in

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8
Q

Name six renewable energy resources and four non-renewable energy resources.

A

Renewable: solar, wind, hydroelectric, wave, tidal, biofuels, geothermal Non-renewable: coal, oil, gas, nuclear

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9
Q

What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy resources?

A

Non-renewable energy resources will run out. Renewable energy resources will not.

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10
Q

What’s the difference between a series and a parallel circuit?

A

A series circuit has only one path for the current to flow; a parallel circuit has more than one.

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11
Q

What is the definition of electrical current?

A

Electric current is the rate of flow of charge.

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12
Q

What is the equation that links charge, current and time?

A

Q = I × t

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13
Q

Give the equation that links potential difference, energy and charge.

A

E = Q × V

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14
Q

Give the equation that links potential difference, current and resistance.

A

V = I × R

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15
Q

What happens to current in series circuits?

A

Current is the same everywhere in a series circuit.

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16
Q

What happens to current in parallel circuits?

A

Current splits at a junction in a parallel circuit.

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17
Q

What happens to potential difference in series circuits?

A

Potential difference is shared by the components in a series circuit.

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18
Q

What happens to potential difference in parallel circuits?

A

Potential difference is the same across each branch in parallel

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19
Q

What is the equation for density?

A

ρ = m ÷ V

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20
Q

How are the particles in a solid arranged?

A

The particles are touching and vibrate around a fixed pattern.

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21
Q

How are the particles in a liquid arranged?

A

Particles are touching but not in fixed positions. They are free to flow around.

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22
Q

How are the particles in a gas arranged?

A

Particles are far apart and move around quickly and randomly.

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23
Q

What are the names of the five state changes?

A

Melting (solid → liquid), evaporating (liquid → gas), freezing (liquid → solid), condensing (gas → liquid), sublimating (solid → gas/gas → solid).

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24
Q

What is internal energy?

A

Internal energy is the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles that make up a system.

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25
Q

What is the radius of an atom?

A

1 × 10-10 m

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26
Q

What are the three subatomic particles?

A

Protons and neutrons (inside the nucleus) and electrons orbiting around the nucleus.

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27
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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28
Q

What is the plum pudding model?

A

An early model of the atom where the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it.

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29
Q

Who discovered the neutron?

A

James Chadwick.

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30
Q

What is a scalar?

A

A quantity with magnitude (size) but no direction.

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31
Q

What is a vector?

A

A quantity with magnitude (size) and direction.

32
Q

What is a contact force?

A

A contact force is a force that needs to touch to act.

33
Q

What is a non-contact force?

A

A non-contact force is a force that does not need to touch to act.

34
Q

Give 6 examples of contact forces.

A

Friction, air resistance, tension (elastic) and normal reaction, upthrust, thrust.

35
Q

Give three examples of non-contact forces.

A

Gravitational (weight), electrostatic and magnetic.

36
Q

What is the equation for weight?

A

W = m × g

37
Q

What is a resultant force?

A

A single force that has the same effect as all forces acting together.

38
Q

What is work done?

A

It is an energy transfer.

39
Q

What is the equation for work done?

A

W = F × s

40
Q

What does work done against frictional forces cause?

A

A rise in temperature of the object.

41
Q

What is the equation for Hooke’s law

A

F = k × e

42
Q

What is the relationship between the force applied and the extension of an elastic object.

A

The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied.

43
Q

What does a wave transfer?

A

A wave transfers energy from one place to another.

44
Q

What is the definition of a transverse wave?

A

The vibration causing a transverse wave is perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave.

45
Q

What is the definition of a longitudinal wave?

A

The vibration causing a longitudinal wave is parallel to the direction of travel of the wave.

46
Q

What is the amplitude?

A

The amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position.

47
Q

What is the wavelength?

A

The wavelength is the distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the next wave.

48
Q

What is the frequency?

A

The frequency is the number of waves passing a point each second.

49
Q

What is the wave speed equation?

A

v = f × λ

50
Q

List the EM waves in order from longest to shortest wavelength.

A

Radio, microwave, infra-red, visible, ultra-violet, x-ray, gamma.

51
Q

Which three EM waves are ionising?

A

Ultra-violet, x-ray and gamma.

52
Q

What is the danger of ultra-violet radiation?

A

Increased risk of SKIN cancer

53
Q

What is the danger of X-rays and gamma ray?

A

Increased risk of cancer

54
Q

What are radio waves used for?

A

Television and radio transmission.

55
Q

What are microwaves used for?

A

Satellite communication (as they can travel through ionosphere) and for cooking food.

56
Q

What is infra-red used for?

A

Electrical heaters, cooking food and infrared cameras

57
Q

What is visible light used for?

A

Fibre optic communications (and our vision!)

58
Q

What is ultra-violet used for?

A

Energy efficient lamps, sun tanning.

59
Q

What are X-rays used for?

A

Medical imaging and security scanning.

60
Q

What are gamma rays used for?

A

Medical treatment (radiotherapy).

61
Q

Like poles ______, unlike poles ________.

A

Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.

62
Q

Is magnetism a contact or non-contact force?

A

Magnetism is a non-contact force.

63
Q

What is a permanent magnet?

A

A permanent magnet produces its own magnetic field.

64
Q

What is an induced magnet?

A

An induced magnet becomes a magnet in a magnetic field.

65
Q

What are the four magnetic metals?

A

Iron, Nickel, Steel and Cobalt.

66
Q

Where is the field of a bar magnet strongest?

A

At the poles and closer to the magnet.

67
Q

What direction do magnetic field lines go in?

A

From North to South.

68
Q

Write the planets in the solar system in order.

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

69
Q

What is a satellite? What are the two types of satellite?

A

A satellite is something in orbit around an object. A satellite can be natural or artificial.

70
Q

How is a star formed?

A

A nebula gets pulled together under gravity. Friction heats hydrogen until the nebula is hot enough for nuclear fusion to happen.

71
Q

Once a star is formed, how does it reach equilibrium?

A

The outward force from the radiation produced by fusion is balanced by the inward force of gravity from the mass of the star.

72
Q

What are the stages in the life cycle of a star of similar size to the sun?

A

Nebula → Protostar → Main sequence star → Red giant → White dwarf → Black dwarf.

73
Q

What are the stages in the life cycle of a star much more massive than the sun?

A

Nebula → Protostar → Main sequence star → Red super giant → supernova → neutron star/black hole

74
Q

How can the force of gravity lead to changing velocity but unchanged speed.

A

Velocity is a vector. As an object orbits, its direction changes, so it’s velocity changes.

75
Q

What happens to the radius of an orbit if the speed increases?

A

If the speed increases, then the radius of an orbit decreases.

76
Q

What is red shift?

A

A light source moving away from stars and galaxies is shifted to longer wavelengths

77
Q

What does the red shift tell us about the universe?

A

The red shift tells us that the universe is expanding and that it began from a very small region that was extremely hot and dense.

Science Year 09 (7 decks)

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