Physics Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

something that cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one source to another

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2
Q

Nuclear Energy

A

energy inside the nucleus of an atom

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3
Q

Elastic Potential Energy

A

energy inside things that can stretch

E = 0.5 x k x e^2

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4
Q

Chemical Energy

A

energy from chemical reactions

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5
Q

Gravitational Potential Energy

A

energy in gravity

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6
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy in things that move, such as people’s bodies and also sound

KE=1/2mv^2

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7
Q

Magnetic Energy

A

energy in magnets

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8
Q

Thermal Energy

A

energy of heat

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9
Q

Open System

A

systems which interact with their environment, so that energy or mass can be added or removed from them

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10
Q

Closed System

A

an isolated system in which no energy transfers take place out of or into the energy system

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11
Q

Mechanical Transfer

A

happens in things like cycling

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12
Q

Electrical Transfer

A

happens in things like static electricity

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13
Q

Transfer by Heating

A

happens in things like boiling eggs

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14
Q

Transfer Through Radiation

A

happens in things like sound waves

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15
Q

Work Done

A

force x distance

energy transferred

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16
Q

Efficiency

A

a measure of how good a device is at changing energy from one form to another

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17
Q

Power

A

energy transferred in a given time

power = energy transferred/time taken

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18
Q

Conduction

A

transfer between particles in a solid

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19
Q

Conductor

A

a substance that conducts heat, such as a lightening rod on the side of a building

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20
Q

Conductivity

A

the power of heat conduction

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21
Q

Insulator

A

a bad conductor whose particles are too far apart to allow energy to flow between them, such as liquids, gasses and vacuums

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22
Q

Density

A

mass per unit volume

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23
Q

Melting

A

transfer from solids to liquids

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24
Q

Freezing

A

transfer from liquids to solids

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25
Q

Boiling

A

transfer from liquids to gasses

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26
Q

Condensing

A

transfer from gasses to liquids

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27
Q

Temperature

A

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object

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28
Q

Internal Energy

A

the sum of all the kinetic energy the individual particles have from moving relative to each other and the potential energy that individual particles have because of their positions relative to each other in a substance

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29
Q

Unstable

A

an element becomes unstable if there are too many protons or neutrons, in an attempt to stablise itself, it omits radioactivity, decaying

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30
Q

Background Radiation

A

a type of relation that is always present around us, but with very low doses, which is safe, including underground rocks, food, cosmic rays from the sun and industrial uses

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31
Q

Radius of an atom

A

1x10^-10

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32
Q

Ionisation

A

any process by which atoms become charged

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33
Q

Irradiation

A

when an object is exposed to ionising radiation and the object does not become radioactive

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34
Q

Contamination

A

the unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms on other materials, due to the decay of contaminating atoms

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35
Q

Decay

A

where a radioactive nucleus gives out alpha, beta or gamma particles

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36
Q

Alpha Decay

A

releases 2 protons and 2 neutrons

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37
Q

Beta Decay

A

gains a proton

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38
Q

Alpha Particle

A

the same as a helium nucleus

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39
Q

Beta Particle

A

the same as a high-energy electron

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40
Q

Alpha

A

two protons, two neutrons, stopped by a sheet of paper, very high ionising ability, slow speed, positive charge

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41
Q

Beta

A

electron, medium ionising ability, stopped by 5mm aluminium, negative charge, fast

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42
Q

Gamma

A

electromagnetic wave, least ionising, stopped by thick concrete, no charge, travels at the speed of light

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43
Q

Speed of Light

A

3x10^8mps

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44
Q

Half Life

A

the time it takes for the count rate to halve

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45
Q

Activity

A

the number of unstable atoms that decay per second in a radioactive source, measured in Bacquerei

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46
Q

Net Decline

A

the overall amount that the activity of a source has fallen in a period of time

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47
Q

Gamma Knife

A

used to treat cancers, small doses are targeted at the tumour from a moveable box, concentrated on the tumour

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48
Q

Radioactive Tracers

A

used in medicine to trace the flow of a substance through an organ

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49
Q

Radioactive Implants

A

used to destroy cancer cells in some tumours

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50
Q

Nuclear Fission

A

involves isotopes being split up, releasing energy

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51
Q

Nuclear Fusion

A

involves isotopes being joined together, releasing energy

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52
Q

Induced Nuclear Fission

A

occurs when a stable isotope is struck by a neutron, where the isotope absorbs the neutron, becomes unstable and splits into smaller fragments, releasing neutrons and energy

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53
Q

Nuclear Bombs

A

uncontrolled fission reactions

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54
Q

Chain Reaction

A

where one fission reaction goes on to cause several more

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55
Q

Spontaneous Nuclear Fission

A

roughly the same as induced, but happens without a neutron being absorbed

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56
Q

Static Charge

A

where an insulator is charged up by friction, causing electrons to either be rubbed onto or rubbed off the object causing them to be charged, only the negative charge move

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57
Q

Earthing

A

the process in which electric energy is instantly discharged directly to the earth through a low resistance wire, e.g. lightening wires, reducing risk of electric shock as energy is transferred down the wire quicker than it could anyone

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58
Q

Pipe Earthing

A

when electricity is sent down a pipe to the ground

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59
Q

Plate Earthing

A

when electricity is sent into an underground plate

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60
Q

Series Circuit

A

increasing voltage makes lights brighter, adding an extra bulb makes lights dimmer, unscrewing one breaks the circuit, current stays the same, potential difference is shared

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61
Q

Parallel Circuit

A

increasing voltage makes bulbs brighter, adding an extra bulb has little effect, unscrewing one bulb has no effect on other bulbs, current is shared, potential difference stays the same

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62
Q

Ammeter

A

measures current, must be in series with the component you are measuring

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63
Q

Voltmeter

A

measures potential difference, must be in parallel with the component you are measuring

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64
Q

Current

A

rate of flow of electrons

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65
Q

Conventional Current

A

flows from positive to negative, whilst electrons flow from negative to positive

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66
Q

Energy Transferred

A

E = VxQ

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67
Q

Potential Difference

A

V = IxR

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68
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

current is directly proportional to voltage when the temperature of the conductor is constant

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69
Q

Light Dependent Resistor

A

resistance decreases when light intensity increases

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70
Q

Thermistor

A

resistance decreases when temperature increases

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71
Q

Direct Current

A

current from cells and batteries which always flows in the same direction

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72
Q

Alternating Current

A

current from the mains, which is constantly changing direction

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73
Q

Oscilloscope

A

allows a visual representation of electrical signals, such as sound signals or electrical signals from someone’s heart

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74
Q

Amplitude

A

the top of a wave on an oscilloscope

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75
Q

Frequency

A

amount of waves per second

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76
Q

Period

A

time for one wave

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77
Q

Fuse

A

a thin piece of wire that gets hot and blows if too high a current flows, breaking the circuit and preventing fires

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78
Q

Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)/Residual Current Device (RCD)

A

resettable fuses, usually found in homes, which are more sensible than plug fuses

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79
Q

Neutral Wire

A

the blue wire, goes on the left

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80
Q

Live Wire

A

the brown wire, goes on the right

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81
Q

Earth Wire

A

the yellow and green wire, goes through the middle, connects to the metal case of an appliance, occurs when the current flows down from the earth wire instead of through you if you touch it, prevents electric shock

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82
Q

Plugs

A

contains the cable, cable grip, three wires and a fuse, made of copper because it is flexible, brass because it’s an alloy, strong and durable, copper because it is a good conductor, plastic because it is an insulating, hence a casing

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83
Q

Double Insulation

A

improves safety by making sure an item that has two plastic cases without any wires touching the case, meaning the case cannot become live, because plastic does not conduct electricity, meaning that if one layer of insulation is damaged, the appliance is still safe for use

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84
Q

Power

A

P = I x A x V

P = I x A^2 x R

P = E/t

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85
Q

National Grid

A

a system of transformers and cables

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86
Q

Step-up Transformer

A

increases the potential difference, which reduces energy loss in transmission cells

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87
Q

Step-down Transformer

A

reduce the potential difference before the electricity crosses to homes

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88
Q

Scalar Quantity

A

a quantity that has magnitude but no specific direction

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89
Q

Vector Quantity

A

a quantity that has magnitude and a specific direction

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90
Q

Resultant Force

A

the net force acting, the sum of all forces acting on the object

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91
Q

Contact Force

A

something like air resistance, which involves contact

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92
Q

Non-Contact Force

A

something like gravity, which doesn’t involve contact

93
Q

Parrallelogram of Forces

A

used to work out resultant forces where forces don’t just go up and down

94
Q

Equilibrium

A

when forces have no overall turning effect, meaning the resultant force is often zero

95
Q

Force

A

N = J/m

96
Q

Gravity

A

N/kg = N/kg

97
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

states that the extension of a spring is directly proportionate to the force applied, provided its limit of proportionality is not extended

98
Q

Spring Constant

A

K = F/e

99
Q

Elastic Limit

A

point where object has stretched more than expected and can no longer return to its normal shape

100
Q

Speed

A

how fast something is going

distance/time

101
Q

Velocity

A

speed and direction

distance/time

102
Q

Isotope

A

atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons

103
Q

Energy Levels

A

electrons are arranged at different distances from the nucleus called energy levels or shells

104
Q

Sieverts

A

the unit for measuring radiation doses

105
Q

Particle Physicist

A

someone who studies the part of physics that relates to particles

106
Q

Geiger Counter

A

used to measure the amount of radioactivity in the air

107
Q

Distance

A

a scalar quality that describes how far an object moves

108
Q

Displacement

A

includes both the distance an object moves, measured in a straight line form the start point to the finish line, and the direction of that straight line, a vector quality

109
Q

Average Walking Speed

A

1.5 m/s

110
Q

Average Running Speed

A

3 m/s

111
Q

Average Cycling Speed

A

6 m/s

112
Q

Average Train Speed

A

100 km/h

113
Q

Average Plane Speed

A

900 km/h

114
Q

Acceleration

A

measured in m/s^2

a = v/t

115
Q

Uniform Acceleration

A

(final velocity)^2 - initial velocity)^2 = 2 x acceleration x distance

v^2 - u^2 = 2as

116
Q

Ohmic

A

where resistance remains constant as current changes

117
Q

Particle Acceleration

A

apparatus for accelerating subatomic particles

118
Q

Van de Graaff

A

generator that uses an electric belt to accumulate charge

119
Q

Ion

A

a charged atom

120
Q

Concrete Shield

A

protective barrier to stop objects outside getting contaminated

121
Q

Control Rods

A

absorbs stray neutrons, making sure the reaction stays under control, can be moved in and out depending on how many neutrons need to be absorbed

122
Q

Fuel Rods

A

made of a form of Uranium

123
Q

Heat Exchanger

A

full of steam which falls down and becomes water as it cools

124
Q

Pump

A

controls the amount of water in the reactor at any one time

125
Q

Turbines

A

driven by steam heated by the nuclear power, which condenses into water and goes through the reactor all over again

126
Q

Steel Vessels

A

contain the stuff for the nuclear reactor, steel to make sure contamination doesn’t happen

127
Q

Reactor Core

A

the most important part of the reactor, where the nuclear bit happens

128
Q

Pressuriser

A

regulates coolant pressure in the nuclear reactor

129
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

states that if forces are balanced on an object, it either does nothing or continues to do what it’s doing

130
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

states that if you increase forces, something goes faster

Resultant Force = mass x acceleration

131
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

states that all forces have an equal and opposite force

132
Q

Inertia

A

a tendency of an object to remain unchanged, or continue in an existing state

133
Q

Terminal Velocity

A

acceleration of a falling object acted on only by gravity

0

134
Q

Reaction Time

A

0.2 - 0.9 seconds

135
Q

Conservation of Momentum

A

in a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event

136
Q

Earth’s gravitational field strength

A

9.8N/kg

137
Q

Stopping Distance

A

thinking distance + braking distance

138
Q

Thinking Distance

A

stopping distance - braking distance

139
Q

Braking Distance

A

stopping distance - thinking distance

140
Q

Crumple Zone

A

part of a car that increases the impact time, lessening the impact force

141
Q

Kilo

A

10^3

142
Q

milli

A

10^-3

143
Q

Mega

A

10^6

144
Q

micro

A

10^-6

145
Q

Giga

A

10^9

146
Q

Nano

A

10^-9

147
Q

Tachographs

A

devices in long-distance vehicles that monitor driving time, speed and distance

148
Q

Neutrino

A

a particle able to travel faster than the speed of light

149
Q

Systematic Error

A

an error that causes the same problem to all pieces of data such as something causing every piece of data to be 30 seconds off

150
Q

Personal Error

A

an error caused by a person’s habits, a type of systematic error

151
Q

Random Error

A

an error that affects only one result, such as misreading the scale once

152
Q

Ultrasound

A

sound above the maximum frequency that humans can hear

20000Hz

153
Q

Pascal

A

N/m^2

154
Q

Pressure

A

Force / Area

155
Q

Fluid

A

Liquid or gas

156
Q

Pressure due to a column of liquid

A

Pressure = column height x density of liquid x gravitational field strength

157
Q

Pascal vases

A

vases that show how liquid flows until the pressure along the same horizontal level is constant

158
Q

Atmosphere

A

a thin layer relative to the size of the Earth around the Earth

159
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

air molecules colliding with a surface

160
Q

Upthrust

A

the force on an object in a fluid, that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

volume of body submerged x density of liquid x acceleration due to gravity

161
Q

Boiling Point

A

the point at which vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure

162
Q

Vapour Pressure

A

the pressure exerted by the gas when the amount of particles leaving the liquid equals the amount entering the liquid

163
Q

Earth’s atmospheric pressure

A

101325Pa

164
Q

Gears

A

rotating wheels with teeth that interlock with each other used to transmit and often multiply rotational forces, hence they act in a similar way to levers

165
Q

Centre of Mass

A

the point at which the mass of the body may be thought to be concentrated

166
Q

Driven Gear

A

gear that is moved

167
Q

Driving Gear

A

gear that does the moving

168
Q

Idle Gear

A

gear between driving and driven

169
Q

Plumb Line

A

mass on a string that hangs vertically

170
Q

Period

A

time taken for a pendulum to swing

171
Q

Point of Balance

A

must be directly above the centre of mass

172
Q

Pivot

A

the point at ninety degrees to the force which the turning happens around

173
Q

Newton metres

A

measurement for moments

174
Q

Moment

A

turning effect of a force

force x distance

175
Q

Total clockwise motion

A

same as total anticlockwise motion

176
Q

Lever

A

something to amplify the force, meaning it exerts a greater force than that applied by the effort

177
Q

Gear

A

something to change the force or rotational speed of a system

178
Q

Effort

A

the force exerted on the lever

179
Q

Load

A

the amount being moved

180
Q

Principle of Moments

A

the moment of any force is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of the components of that force

181
Q

Stability

A

a measure of the body’s ability to maintain its original position

182
Q

Vibrations

A

a constant repeated back and forth or up and down motion

183
Q

Wave

A

a series of disturbances that are the same distance from each other and transfer energy from one place to another

184
Q

Mechanical Wave

A

waves which need a medium (e.g. sound waves, water waves)

185
Q

Electromagnetic Wave

A

waves which do not need a medium (e.g. light waves)

186
Q

Transverse Wave

A

a wave where the vibration are perpendicular to the direction of the energy transfer

187
Q

Longitudinal Wave

A

a wave where the vibrations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer

188
Q

Peak

A

the top of a wave

189
Q

Trough

A

the bottom of a wave

190
Q

Undisturbed position

A

Midpoint between the peak and the trough

191
Q

Compression

A

area where longitudinal waves are close together

192
Q

Wave Speed

A

wave speed = frequency x wavelength

the speed at which the energy is transferred, or the waves moves, through the medium, measured in metres per second, m/s

193
Q

Ripple tank

A

a specialised form of wave tank used for demonstrating basic properties of waves

194
Q

Incident Rays

A

the original rays

195
Q

Reflected rays

A

rays that are reflected

196
Q

Normal

A

the point at which incident rays are reflected and become reflected rays

197
Q

Angle of incident

A

the angle at which an incident ray hits the normal

198
Q

Angle of reflection

A

the angle at which a reflected ray leaves the normal

199
Q

The Law of Reflection

A

the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection

200
Q

Ray Diagrams

A

diagrams used to show rays and how they are reflected

201
Q

Sound of Speed in Air

A

330m/s

202
Q

Outer Ear

A

the external part of the ear that directs sound waves

203
Q

Ear Canal

A

pathway from outer ear to eardrum

204
Q

Cochlea

A

convert auditory signals to neural impulses

205
Q

Ear Drum

A

thin membrane that is vibrated by sound waves

206
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

nerves that allow you to hear

207
Q

Hammer

A

small bone in the ear that vibrates to allow you to hear

208
Q

Anvil

A

small bone in the ear that vibrates to allow you to hear

209
Q

Stirrup

A

small bone in the ear that vibrates to allow you to hear

210
Q

Pure Note

A

a note with constant frequency and amplitude

211
Q

Impure Note

A

a note with inconsistent frequency and amplitude

212
Q

Oscillation

A

repetitive vibrations

213
Q

Oscillating

A

something that is vibrating

214
Q

Visible Spectrum

A

consists of all the light we fan see: red, orange , yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. Red is the longest wavelength and is refracted the least, whereas violet is the shortest wavelength is and is refracted the most

215
Q

Infared

A

wavelength beyond red that we can’t see, refracted less than red and its wavelength is longer

216
Q

Ultraviolet

A

wavelength beyond purple that we can’t see, it is refracted more than violet and its wavelength is shorter

217
Q

Ionosphere

A

layer of the atmosphere that reflects radio waves

218
Q

Aerial

A

a long wire that produces radio waves when an oscillating current is passed down it

219
Q

Optical Fibres

A

fibres that light van be passed down, used in endoscopies and colonoscopies

220
Q

Endscope

A

contains two bundles of fibres that transmit light into a body cavity for medical examination

221
Q

Radar

A

radio wave

222
Q

Sky TV

A

radio wave

223
Q

SAT NAV

A

microwave

224
Q

Bluetooth

A

radio wave

225
Q

Light house

A

visible light

226
Q

Mobile phone

A

microwave

227
Q

Remote control

A

infa red

228
Q

Distress singals

A

visible light