Biology Revision Flashcards
1
Q
Prokaryotes
A
bacteria cells which don’t have a nucleus, only a big loop of DNA and a cell wall made of slime
2
Q
Eukaryotes
A
cells such as fungi, plant and animal cells which have a nucleus
3
Q
Nucleus
A
contains DNA/genetic information
4
Q
Cell membrane
A
controls what enters and leaves the cell
5
Q
Mitochondria
A
performs aerobic respiration, providing the cell with energy
6
Q
Ribosome
A
synthesises proteins
7
Q
Cytoplasm
A
the fluid compartment of the cell where many reactions happen
8
Q
Plasmids
A
small loops of DNA
9
Q
cell wall
A
helps provide strength and structure to the cell
10
Q
Slime Wall
A
protects the cell wall
11
Q
Vacuole
A
permanent part of the cell that helps give it structure, made of cell sap
12
Q
Ribosome
A
synthesise proteins
13
Q
Flagellum
A
a small thread-like structure that allows cells to swim
14
Q
Chloroplasts
A
performs photosynthesis in plant cells
15
Q
Specialised Cells
A
cells adapted to do a certain job
16
Q
Root Hair Cell
A
helps to absorb water and minerals from the soil by increasing the surface area of the root
17
Q
Palisade Cell
A
packed with chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis
18
Q
Sperm Cell
A
contain half the DNA needed to make a baby, the smallest animal cells
19
Q
Mitochondrial Eve
A
the name given to the most recent common female ancestor of all humans, who lived around 200000 years ago
20
Q
Neurone
A
never cell, transmits messages from one part of the body to another using electrical signals to carry messages
21
Q
Myelin Sheath
A
a fatty protective coating that protects the axon in neurones
22
Q
Axon
A
the main part of the neurone that electrical impulses go along
23
Q
Dendrites
A
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, where electrical impulses are receieved from other cells
24
Q
Red Blood Cell
A
cells containing haemoglobin for carrying oxygen, which have no mitochondria or nucleus, and are thin in the middle so oxygen can easily get to it
25
Differentiation
the process for making specialised cells
26
Embryonic Stem Cell
all types of stem cells in the body
27
Tissue Stem Cell
a few types of specialised cells
28
Multipotent
these stem cells have the ability to make several types of specialised cells
29
Pluripotent
these stem cells have the ability to make all tpes of specialised cells
30
Cell Division
when cells divide, they copy their DNA so that each new cell has the same genetic information. Cells divide for growth, repair and to specialise
31
Stem Cells
unspecialised cells which can divide to make specialised cells
32
Magnification
the measure of how much bigger the image is than the object
magnification = size of image/actual size of object
33
Diffusion
the spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
34
Organelle
small component found inside cells, e.g. nucleus
35
Cell
the building block of life, all living things are made p of one or more cells, e.g. white blood cells
36
Tissue
a group of similar cells e.g. muscle epithelial tissue
37
Organ
structure made up of more than one tissue, i.e. heart contains muscle, nerve, fat and connective tissue
38
Organ System
group of organs which work together, e.g. digestive
39
Organism
individual living being, e.g. blue whale
40
Enzymes
biological catalysts
41
Catalyst
substance which speeds up a chemical reaction but is left unchanged at the end
42
Mouth
where mechanical digestion occurs and salivary amylase is released
43
Salivary glands
situated near the mouth to contain amylase which breaks down starch into sugars
44
Oesophagus
thick muscular walled tube that carries food to the stomach
45
Stomach
muscular sack with an inner layer that secrets enzymes, with glands that produce mucus that protect the stomach from being digested by the enzymes or the hydrochloric acid that is produced to kill bacteria and break down food
46
Liver
where bile is made before being stored in the gall bladder
47
Gall bladder
where bile is stored
48
Bile
neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach and emulsifies fat in small droplets to increase the surface area
49
Pancreas
large gland that produces pancreatic juice containing amylase, lipase and protease
50
Small intestine
long muscular tube where food is further digested by enzymes. Inner walls are folded to form willi that give a large surface area. This is where good is absorbed into the blood stream
51
Willi
microscopic things on the inner wall of the intestine that absorb food into the blood stream
52
Large intestine
absorbs water so that food can become dryer and thicker in consistency to form faeces
53
Rectum
stores faeces
54
Anus
ring of muscle which closes off the end of the digestive tract
55
Physical Digestion
digestion involving physical changes
56
Chemical digestion
digestion involving chemical changes
57
Active Site
the area where that is the correct shape for the substrate to attatch
58
Lock and Key
how enzymes and substrates attatch
59
Denature
how an enzyme changes shape, normally because it has been heated up, instead of dying
60
Substrate
the part that attatches onto the enzyme during lock and key
61
Acrosome
part of the sperm cell that contains digestive enzymes for breaking down outer layers of the egg
62
Middle Section
part of a sperm that contains mitochondria to give it energy to move
63
Tail
part of the sperm that helps it swim towards the egg
64
Semi-Permeable Membrane
allow some substances through, but not others, such as in intestines, where smaller molecules can get through but larger ones can't
65
Carbohydrates
produce simple sugars, broken up by carbohydrase
66
Lipids
produce fatty acids and glycerol, broken down by lipase
67
Proteins
produce amino acids, broken down by protease
68
Starch
produces glucose, broken down by amylase
69
Simple sugars
product of digesting carbohydrates
70
Fatty acids
one of the products of digesting lipids
71
Glycerol
one of the products of digesting lipids
72
Amino Acids
the product of digesting proteins
73
Glucose
the product of digesting starch
74
Amylase
produced in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine, breaks starch down into glucose
75
Carbohydrase
produced in the small intestine and pancreas, breaks carbohydrates down into simple sugars
76
Lipase
produced in pancreas and small intestine, breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol
77
Protease
produced in stomach, pancreas and small intestine, breaks proteins down into amino acids
78
Metabolism
the total of all the chemical reactions in an organism
79
Catalyse
to speed up chemical reactions in an organism
80
Emulsipy
to break up large droplets of fat into small droplets
81
Aerobic Respiration
respiration with oxygen
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water
82
Anaerobic Respiration
respiration without oxygen
Glucose - Lactic Acid
83
Exothermic
a reaction from which the energy is transferred to the surroundings
84
Cellular Respiration
an exothermic reaction which is continuously occurring in living cells to release energy for metabolic processes
85
Breathing Rate
the ofteness of breaths
86
Breathing Value
The deepness of breaths
87
Glycogen
glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles when carbohydrates are consumed
88
Oxygen Debt
what happens when there is still lactic acid in the muscles needing to be broken up after exercising
89
Communicable Disease
disease caused by pathogens
90
Pathogens
disease causing organisms, e.g. bacteria viruses, fungi or protists
91
Lifestyle Diseases
diseases caused partly by unhealthy behaviour and partly by other factors, e.g. gout, type 2 diabetes
92
Risk Factors
factors which make you more susceptible to disease, e.g. age, diet, body weight
93
Cancer
an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells caused by a genetic mutation
94
Benign Tumour
a tumour that stays in one place
95
Malignant Tumour
a tumour that spreads through the body by having bits break off and travel around in the blood stream
96
Chemotherapy
drugs used to destroy dividing cells, destroying cancer cells which divide quickly. However, this can cause healthy cells to be harmed too. This may cause anaemia if bone marrow cells are harmed, nausea if intestines are harmed and hair loss if hair cells are harmed.
97
Radiation
treatment where high energy radiation is used to shrink tumours and kill cancer cells by destroying their DNA, where the radiation is concentrated on one single place by several low-energy beams being converged on the tumours
98
Cryosurgery
used on external tumours, such as retina, cervix and early stage prostate cancer, where tumours are frozen with liquid nitrogen, causing it to dissolve and form a scab
99
Salmonella
a communicable disease caused by salmonella bacteria which live in the guts of animals and can be found in raw meat, poultry eggs and egg products, can disrupt natural gut bacteria if the end up in your body, often caused by eating uncooked foods, causes 2.2 million deaths a year
100
Gonorrhea
a sexually transmitted disease usually caused by having unprotected sex, rarely has symptoms, may cause ectopic pregnancies
101
Measles
a viral disease which causes fevers and skin rashes, spread in cough droplets and has no cure, so an infected person must be isolated. May cause brain damage leading to blindness, bowel issues and death
102
HIV
Human Immunosuppressant Virus
the virus that causes AIDS, caused by unprotected sex, destroys white blood cells and causes the immune system to be badly damaged
103
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
where immune system is badly damaged due to HIV
104
Protists
a form of single cell eukaryotes
105
Malaria
a communicable disease caused by protists found in the mosquito bite, which affects the liver and blood cells, can stay dormant in the body for years after being infected
106
Vector
an organism, typically a biting insect or tick, that transmits a disease or parasite from one animal or plant to another
107
Giardia
a communicable bowel infection caused by a single celled protists called parasite G intestinalis, can infect other animals
108
Cryptsporidium
bowel infection caused by a single-celled protist
109
Amebic Dysentery
intestinal infection caused by single-celled protists
110
Sleeping Sickness
caused by a single celled protists and spread by tsetse flies, causes a fever that impacts the central nervous system
111
Rose Black Spot
a plant disease caused by fungi that causes black lesions on the leaves so the leaf doesn't photosynthesise well and dies.
112
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens
a plant disease caused by bacteria that causes galls to form on the plant and prevents the plant from growing, one of the few plant bacterial diseases
113
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
a plant disease called by viruses that causes yellowing of the leaves, meaning they don't photosynthesise well
114
Magnesium Deficiency
causes leaves to turn yellow in plants, leaving the veins green as magnesium is needed to create chlorophyll
115
Nitrogen Defficiency
causes upper leaves to turn light green, lower leaves to turn yellow and bottom or older leaves to turn yellow and shriveled, as nitrogen is needed to make amino acids for protease.
116
Carbon Dioxide Deficiency
only happens in overly-sealed greenhouses that causes white deposits on the leaves, stunted growth, and causes the plants to die back
117
Phosphate Deficiency
causes leaves to turn darker than normal and causes the plant to lose its leaves
118
Manganese Deficiency
causes yellow spots and/or enlarged holes between veins
119
Calcium Deficiency
leaves new leaves misshapen or stunted
120
Iron Deficiency
leaves young leaves with green veins despite a yellow/white colour
121
Potassium Deficiency
causes yellowing at the tips and edges, often in younger leaves, and causes dark or yellow patches to appear on leaves
122
Binary Fission
asexual reproduction with no fertilisation where one organism splits in two e.g. bacterial reproduction
123
Bacteria Growth Formula
bacteria at the end of growth period = bacteria at the beginning of the growth period x 2^number of divisions
124
Health
a person's mental of physical conditions, not simply the absence of illness
125
Disease
a disorder of structure or function within a living organism
126
Viral Disease
a disease caused by a virus
127
Bacterial Disease
a disease caused by bacteria
128
Fungal Disease
a disease caused by fungi
129
Antibody
a Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to idnetify and neutralise foreign objects such as pathogens
130
Anti-toxin
an antibody with the ability to neutralise a specific toxin
131
Antigen
a toxin or foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body
132
Immune
not being able to catch a certain disease because you already have antibodies in your blood to fight it
133
Vaccine
a dead of weakened version of a pathogen
134
Herd Immunity
where the levels of vaccinated people are high, meaning a disease is less likely to spread
135
Smallpox
a virus characterised by deep sores, fever and back pain
136
Symptoms
what we feel e.g. a headache
137
Signs
what we can see, e.g. a rash
138
Adrenaline
makes your heart beat faster and helps you breathe more efficiently
139
Bacteria
a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease
140
Epidemic
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
141
Drug
a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect on the body
142
Monoclonal Antibodies
lots of one type of antibodies
143
Mutation
a change in the structure of a gene
144
Painkiller
drug or medicine that numbs pain receptors, stopping pain
145
Pandemic
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time
146
Pathogen
a bacteria, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease
147
Pellicillin
a type of naturally-occurring mould which can be used as an antibiotic
148
Resistant
in the case of antibiotics, this is where the antibiotic does not work on a specific person
149
Toxin
a poison of plant or animal origin
150
Aqueous Humour
the clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea
151
Blind Spot
a spot at the back of the eye where the optic nerve joins that light cannot reach
152
Central Nervous System
system that controls voluntary and involuntary reactions
153
Cerebellum
co-ordinates movement and balance and is important for voluntary tasks
154
Cerebrum
the largest part of the brain, divided into four lobes
155
Frontal Lobe
the lobe that lies immediately behind the forehead, controls areas concerned with behaviour, learning, personality and voluntary movement
156
Occipital Lobe
the rearmost lobe in the cerebral hemisphere of the brain
157
Parietal Lobe
the lobe at the top of the head, concerned with reception and correlation of sensory information
158
Temporal Lobe
the lobe underneath the temples, concerned with understanding speech
159
Cilary Muscles
pull the lens for focusing
160
Circular Muscles
muscles that contract causing pupils to constrict
161
CT Scans/CAT Scans
Computerised Technology Scans/Computerised Axial Tomography Scans
scans that use a series of x-ray images from the different angles and a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the body’s internal structure
162
Contraceptive Treatments
methods to stop women from getting pregnant
163
Oral Contraceptive
release FSH, therefore affecting the ovaries to make sure no eggs mature, preventing pregnancy, and prevent the uterus lining developing
164
Implant or Skin Patch
similar to the contraceptive, these release progesterone to prevent sperm reaching the egg due to thickened mucus
165
Barrier Methods
creating a barrier, preventing the sperm from reaching the egg
166
Spermicide
kills sperm so it cannot reach the egg
167
Intrauterine Methods
small structures inserted not the uterus by a doctor which release either copper, which prevents early embryos implanting in the uterus, or progesterone, which thickens the mucus of the cervix, preventing pregnancy
168
Hysterectomy
where oviducts are cut or tied, preventing eggs from reaching the uterus
169
Vasectomy
where sperm ducts are cut or tied, preventing sperm from reaching the egg
170
Abstinence
not having sex prevents getting pregant
171
Coordination Centres
areas that receive information from receptors and send out signals to coordinate a response from the body
172
Cornea
lets light into the eye and begins focusing
173
Effector
the part of the nerve that carries stimulus to muscles, organs and glands
174
Ethene
a plant hormone that causes fruit to ripen
175
Fertility Treatments
treatments that help couples to conceive
176
Hormonal Treatments
involves changing people's hormones to increase their chances of conceiving
177
Artificial Insemination
involves putting sperm in in an artificial way
178
IVF
In Vitro Fertilisation
where the egg and sperm are put together outside the body and then placed in the womb
179
fMRI scans
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
scans that produce images related to the levels of oxygen in the blood and therefore to metabolic function, and hence, localised brain activity. These scanners produce images related to the water molecule’s hydrogen nuclei and therefore to anatomical structure. These are expensive and are mainly used for experimental research
180
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
hormone that causes an egg to mature and stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
181
Hippocrates
the first person to believe senses were linked to the brain
182
Homeostasis
a balancing act that attempts to keep everything as constant as possible, such as regulation of internal conditions of cells to maintain optimum conditions for functioning
183
Hyperopia
long-sightedness, where the focal point is behind the retina
184
Impulse
a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neurone
185
Insulin
allows cells to absorb glucose in the blood
186
Iris
controls the amount of light entering the eye
187
Lens
focuses light on the retina
188
LH
Luthenising Hormone
hormone that causes mature eggs to be released from the ovary
189
MRI Scan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan
a study method that involves scanning the brain using powerful magnets and radio waves
190
Medulla
sits at the top of the spinal cord, closest to the central nervous system. It sends messages down the spinal cord, controls movement, relays sensory impulses, relays information from internal organs, controls the arousal, controls sleep, regulates blood pressure and controls digestion, breathing and heart beating
191
Myopia
short-sightedness, where the focal point is in front of the retina
192
Nerve
tissue made up of neurones
193
Motor Neurone
neurones that have impulses travel down the neurone fibre from the motor neurone cell body to the neurone endings in the muscle or gland
194
Relay Neurone
neurones that pass signals between nerves
195
Sensory Neurones
neurones that have impulses that travel down through the neurone fibre through a sensory neurone cell body to neurone endings in the central nervous system
196
Neurosurgeon
a doctor who specialises in brains
197
Neurotransmitter
a chemical substance released at the end of a nerve fibre by the arrival of a nerve impulse, that, by diffusing across the synapse, effects the transfer of one nerve to another
198
Oestrogen
hormone that stops the production of FSH, causes the pituitary gland to secrete LH
199
Optic Nerve
the nerve that sends signals from the eyes to the brain
200
Paul Broca
discovered that people with speech impairments often had lesions on the cerebral cortex, making him the first person to link a specific part of the brain to a specific function
201
Phineas Gage
a man working on the railway who was involved in an accident where a metal pole went through his brain and survived, though had a vastly different personality afterwards
202
Progesterone
maintains the lining of the uterus wall
203
Pupil
lets light through to the lens
204
Radial Muscles
muscles that contact causing the pupils to dilate
205
Receptors
cells that detect stimuli in the outside environment
206
Reflex Actions
automatic protection
207
Retina
a light-sensitive layer that sends signals to the optic nerve
208
Sclera
the white outer layer of the eyeball
209
Suspensory Ligaments
ligaments that hold the lens in place
210
Synapse
the microscopic gap between two neurones
211
Tapetum/Choroid
a reflective layer in the eyes of some animals, making them shine in the dark
212
Testosterone
the male hormone
213
Thyroxine
the hormone the thyroid gland secretes into the bloodstream
214
Vitreous Humor
the transparent gelatinous tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens
215
Laboratory Stage
the first part of a drug trial, where drugs are first tested on computer models, then on human cells, which is where most fail due to toxicity, then onto animal trials, where side effects begin to be studied
216
Clinical Stage
the second part of a drug trial, where drugs are tested on healhty humans to test for side effects and toxicity before being tested on people with the illness to see if they work before being released
217
Hormone
chemical messages that coordinate systems and travel in the bloodstream to cause a change in how the body works
218
Convex Lens
a glasses lens for long sighted people that focuses light on the retina by making it converge earlier
219
Concave lens
a glasses lens for short sighted people that focuses light on the retina and makes it converge later
220
Tropism
directional growth response
221
Positive Tropism
causes plants to grow towards the stimuli
222
Negative Tropism
causes plants to grow away from the stimuli
223
Auxin
hormone found in the shoots of plants
224
Gibberellins
initiates seed germination, used by florists to make sure flowers are available all year round
225
Weedkillers
contains a hormone forcing the plants to grow too quickly so that they cannot photosynthesise fast enough and die of stress, used in biological warfare
226
Rooting Powders
promotes root growth, e.g. in cuttings
227
Ethene
promotes fruit ripening
228
Phototropism
the tropism that causes shoots to grow towards light and roots to grow away from them
229
Geotropism
the tropism that causes shoots to grow away from gravity and roots to grow towards it
230
Chemotropism
the tropism that causes roots to grow towards soil minerals
231
Thigomotropism
the tropism that causes shoots to grow towards touch, e.g. in ivy
232
Hydrotropism
the tropism that causes roots to grow towards water
233
Spongy Mesophyll
middle of the leaf, a bit like a sponge, it soaks up water and nutrients and passes it along to other cells
234
Air Space
allows quicker diffusion of gases
235
Stomata
holes which allows gas transfer to let water out
236
Turgid
key word to describe swollen plants
237
Xylem
cells which transport water and minerals up from the stem from the shoots and leaves, which occurs in one direction only
238
Phloem
cells which transport sugars produced in the leaves up and down the stem to growing and storage issues
239
Vascular Bundles
cells are arranged in this
240
Wax Cuticle
a protective layer for the leaf
241
Guard Cells
either side of the stomata, able to close those up to reduce gas transfer and water loss
242
Epidermis
the other layer of tissue in a plant
243
Benedicts
test for sugar, turns orange
244
Iodine
test for starch, turns blue-black
245
Sudan III
test for lipids, turns red
246
Biuret
test for protein
247
Duodenum
the first part of the small intestine
248
Appendix
small tube at the end of the large intestine that stores bacteria
249
Products
what the substrate splits into after leaving the active site
250
Pepsin
chemical found in the stomach with hydrochloric acid
251
Haemoglobin
a red pigment found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen
252
Resolution
the ability to distinguish between two separate points under a microscope
253
Resolving Power
how much detail a microscope can show
254
Algae
simple aquatic organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis and are similar to plant cells
255
Osmosis
a type of diffusion where water passes over a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution
256
Isotonic
a solution in osmosis that is the same concentration as the cell
257
Hypertonic
a solution in osmosis that is more concentrated than the cell
258
Hypotonic
a solution in osmosis that is less concentrated than the cell
259
Turgor
the pressure inside a plant cell
260
Plasmolysis
where the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall, causing the cell to die
261
Active Transport
the movement of substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration
262
Mitosis
the process of cell division
263
Cell Cycle
the life cycle of a cell
264
Chemical Defences
releasing a chemical to deter a herbivore
265
Physical Defences
a physical barrier that will stop a micro-organism from getting into a plant, e.g. antibacterial chemicals, poisons
266
Meristem
parts of a plant that grow
267
Mimicry
plants which make themselves look like other things
268
Extremophiles
plants which survive and reproduce in the most difficult conditions
269
Limiting Factors
something which limits rate of reaction, for example, in plants
270
Inverse Square Law
light intensity is equal to one over distance squared
271
Compensation Point
point where respiration and photosynthesis are equal
272
Community
different species living in the same place at the same time
273
Demographic Transition Model
274
Ecosystem
the parts of an environment in the same place at the same time
275
Habitat
a place where an organism is
276
Interspecific Competition
competition between species, e.g. red squirrels and grey squirrels
277
Intraspecific Competition
competition between the same species
278
Mark-Release-Recapture
279
Niche
role of an organism
280
Percentage Cover
281
Population
a group of organisms all from the same species all in one place at one time
282
Population Growth
283
Predator
one organism eating another
284
Predator-Prey Cycles
285
Quadrat
a sample area used to measure the abundance and distribution of organisms in the field
286
Random Sampling
287
Species Frequency
288
Transect
a measured line or area along which ecological measurements are made
289
Competition
develops when niches overlap
290
Apex Predator
predator at the top of the food chain
291
Natural Selection
how the best adapted organism survives competition and is able to reproduce
292
Courtship Display
a way of competing for mates by looking good
293
Herbivores
get their nutrients by only consuming plants, so need teeth that can grind plants up
294
Carnivores
get their nutrients by only consuming animals, so need teeth that can rip apart meat
295
Adaptations
special features organisms have which make it easier to survive in their habitat
296
Blubber
fat under animals' skin
297
Thermophiles
bacteria which can survive extreme temperatures
298
Peat
a massive carbon store and contains many nutrients, can be used for fuel and fertiliser
299
Breeding Programmes
programmes done in places like zoos to encourage breeding between animals, ensuring there is as much genetic variation as possible, documenting everything
300
Protection of Rare Habitats
opposes destruction of habitats so animals can continue to breed in their natural habitat
301
Reduction of Deforestation
this had to be done by governments introducing bans for deforestation, but helps increase biodiversity
302
Heathland Restoration
replanting heathland helps encourage biodiversity
303
Monocrop
one type of crop, not good for biodiversity
304
Biomass
the dry mass in grams of living organisms, shows how much energy can be passed onto the next tropic level
305
Food Security
having reliable access to sufficient amounts of affordable nutritious food
306
Food Production
how food is produced and distributed
307
Sustainable Food Production
producing and distributing food without having a negative impact on the environmental or the economy
308
Intensive Farming
farming where the main aim is to having input and output levels as high as possible per unit of agricultural land area
309
Organic Farming
farming using organic methods, e.g. no synthetic fertilisers
310
Biomass Transfer
amount of biomass transferred to the next trophic level
311
Free-Range Chickens
chickens that can move as much as they want
312
Factory Farming
the same as intensive farming, where the main aim is to have input and output levels as high as possible
313
Bycatch
fish caught accidentally by trawlers
314
Quinoa
a grain traditionally grown in Bolivia that is very nutritious but takes a lot of preparation. Nowadays, it is mainly shipped to America and Europe, whereas it has mainly been replaced with fast-cooking pasta in Bolivia
315
Blue Tongue
a disease common amongst European cattle, that spread across the channel to England when the climate warmed up, as it is spread by midges
316
Mutualism
where an animal gts some kind of benefit from another animal, with something in return
317
Parasitism
where an animals get some kind of benefit from another animals, with nothing int return
318
Predation
where animals are predators to other animals
319
Structural Adaptations
adaptations to do with the structure, such as stem and leaf size
320
Behavioural Adaptations
adaptations to do with behaviour
321
Functional Adaptations
adaptations to do with how an animal functions
322
Mycoprotein
protein genetically made from fungi, such as Quorn
323
Fusarium
a large type of mould that can be used to make mycoproteins
324
Short Diffusion Pathway
the theory that particles will diffuse faster aacross shorter distances than they do across longer distances
325
Condensation
the proess by which clouds are formed
326
Evaporation
the process by which liquid is heated an becomes gas
327
Run-Off
the process by which rains runs off of the land into the sea
328
Precipitation
the process by which rain happens
329
Reverse Osmosis
the process by which molecules of a solvent pass through a semi-permeable membrane in the opposite direction to normal
330
Decay
also known as decomposition, the process by which decomposers break down dead plant and animal material, breaking down complex substances into more simple substances
331
Decomposers
microorganisms that break down substances
332
Therapeuting Cloning
a procedure that involves produce an embroy with the same genes as the patient's so that they are not rejected by the patient's body
333
Microvilli
tiny projections on the villi
334
Coeliac Disease
where the villi cannot absorb nutrients efficiently
335
Villi
compromised of one artery and one vein, a strand of muscle, a centrally located lymphatic capillary and connective tissue that adds support to structures
336
Blood Vessels
thought to transport proteins and carbohydrates
337
Lymphatic Vessels
removes droplets of emulsified fat
338
Chyle
droplets of emulsified fat
339
Strand of Muscle
allows villi to contract and expand, emptying the contents of the lacteal into larger lymphatic vessels
340
Mucous-Membrane Layer
mainly composed of two cell types: columnar cells and goblet cells
341
Columnar Cells
tall, narrow cells that absorb substances passed into blood and lymphatic vessels, with microvilli on the surface
342
Goblet Cells
cells that are rounded at the end and secrete mucous into the intestinal cavity
343
Arterioles
small arteries
344
Veinioles
small veins
345
Trachea
held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage, also known as the windpipe
346
Bronchi
branches that lead from the trachea to the lungs
347
Bronchioles
leads off the bronchis to the aveoli
348
Aveolis
small air sacs in the lungs with thin walls, a good blood supply from surrounding capillaries and a large surface area
349
Gillplate
layer of cartilage in the gills containing small filaments with bronchi on them
350
Jejunum
the second part of the small intestine
351
Ileum
the third part of the small intestine
352
Caecum
the pouch connecting the small and large intestine
353
Duoenum
the first part of the small intestine
354
Mucosa
a mucous membrane
355
Vasculature
the vascular system of a part of the body
356
Vascular resistance
the resistance that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system and create flow
357
Gills
the respiratory system of fish
