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Chemistry Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Reactants

A

substances present at the beginning of a chemical reaction

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2
Q

Products

A

substances created by the chemical reaction

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3
Q

Valency

A

the number of bonds an element has

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4
Q

Democritus

A

400 BC

claimed everything was made up of invisible atoms that were tiny spheres

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5
Q

John Dalton

A

1803 AD

agreed with Democritus that atoms were tiny spheres and could not be divided into anything smaller, suggested different elements were different sizes

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6
Q

JJ Thompson

A

1904 AD

claimed atoms were made up of positive energy with negative energy scattered throughout like raisins in a plum pudding

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7
Q

Ernest Rutherford

A

1911 AD

claimed that there was a positive charge in the nucleus and that electrons were on the outside, not scattered randomly, used his model in the gold foil experiment

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8
Q

Bohr

A

1912

claimed positive charge was concentrated in the nucleus, claimed electrons were in fixed positions on energy shells

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9
Q

James Chadwick

A

1932

was developed after the neutron was discovered

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10
Q

Atomic Number

A

number of protons, same as number of protons, can be taken away from the atomic mass to get the number of neutrons

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11
Q

Relative Atomic Mass

A

average mass of all isotopes that exist, can have the atomic number taken away to get the number of neutrons

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12
Q

Abundance

A

amount

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13
Q

Relative Atomic Mass

A

% of isotope 1 * mass/100 + % of isotope 2 * mass/100

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14
Q

Oxidation

A

the process by which something gains oxygen

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15
Q

Oxidised

A

something that has gained oxygen through oxidation

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16
Q

Reduction

A

removal of oxygen, antonym of oxidation

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17
Q

Variable

A

something in a reaction that can be changed

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18
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable you change

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19
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the variable you measure

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20
Q

Control Variable

A

the variable that stays the same

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21
Q

Quantitative Data

A

data that includes numbers, e.g. temperature, volume or mass

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22
Q

Qualitative Data

A

data you can see, but not measure, such as whether or not there are bubbles

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23
Q

Chromatography

A

separates substances made up of a mixture of differently coloured components

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24
Q

Rf Value

A

distance moved by colour/distance moved by water

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25
Q

Non-Metals

A

have negative ions and gain electrons

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26
Q

Metals

A

have positive ions and lose electrons

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27
Q

Base

A

a substance that neutralises an acid and is insoluble

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28
Q

Alkali

A

a soluble substance that neutralises an acid

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29
Q

Acid Concentration

A

how many particles of acid in one decimetre cubed, measured in mol/dm^3

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30
Q

Acid Strength

A

how ionised the acid is

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31
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all the reactions in the body

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32
Q

Mean Rate of Reaction

A

quantity of reactant used/time or quantity of product formed/time

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33
Q

Collision Theory

A

explains why rate of reaction changes, states that particles must collide before a reaction takes place and if there is a collision, it might take place, but not all collisions lead to reactions because they need energy in order to react, and reactants must have the activation energy in order to react

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34
Q

Activation Energy

A

the minimum amount of energy needed to a reaction to happen

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35
Q

Concentration/Pressure

A

increases the particles per unit volume which causes more frequent collisions

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36
Q

Catalyst

A

speeds up a reaction without being used in the reaction itself, lowers the activation energy, causing a higher proportion of successful collisions

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37
Q

Heat Energy

A

mass x 4.2 x change in temperature

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38
Q

Electrode

A

something that conducts electricity

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39
Q

Efficiency

A

how much something can produce compared to the theoretical output

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40
Q

Flammable

A

something that can burn

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41
Q

Renewable

A

something that can be used repeatedly and won’t run out

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42
Q

Combustion

A

when a fuel reacts with oxygen

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43
Q

Structure

A

what things look like when joined together

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44
Q

Bonding

A

how particles join up

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45
Q

Ionic Bonding

A

how metals and non-metals join

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46
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

how non-metals join

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47
Q

Metallic Bonding

A

how metals join

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48
Q

Dot-and-Cross Diagrams

A

a simplified diagram to explain ionic bonding using dots and crosses for electrons

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49
Q

Immiscible

A

does not mix with

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50
Q

Intermolecular

A

between molecules

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51
Q

Graphene

A

a single thickness of carbon atoms

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52
Q

Carbon Nanotube

A

a tube of graphene

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53
Q

Fullerene

A

a generic name for molecules made of carbon, such as buckminsterfullerene

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54
Q

Alltropes

A

structurally different forms of the same element

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55
Q

Bonding

A

what holds particles together

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56
Q

Structure

A

the organisation of particles

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57
Q

Electrostatic

A

the overall word for positive and negative attraction

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58
Q

Electron Configuration

A

how electrons are laid out on energy levels or shells

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59
Q

Monatomic

A

atoms that exist as individual atoms and do not form chemical bonds with each other or other elements

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60
Q

Diatomic

A

atoms that exist in pairs

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61
Q

Triatomic

A

atoms that exist in groups of three

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62
Q

Tetratomic

A

atoms that exist in groups of four

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63
Q

Cations

A

positive ions

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64
Q

Anions

A

negative ions

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65
Q

Anode

A

positive electrode, attracts anions

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66
Q

Cathode

A

negative electrode, attracts cations

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67
Q

Electrolyte

A

a liquid with free moving electrons that conducts electricity

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68
Q

Electrode

A

a conductor through which electricity enters or leaves something

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69
Q

Electrolysis

A

when an electric current flows through a liquid and creates chemical changes

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70
Q

Spectator Ion

A

an ion unaffected by electrolysis

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71
Q

Brine

A

a solution of salt in industry

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72
Q

Spectator Ion

A

an ion unaffected by electrolysis

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73
Q

Silicon Dioxide

A

sand

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74
Q

Pangaea

A

the original supercontinent which broke up into the tectonic plates

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75
Q

Acid Clouds

A

soluble clouds containing sulphur, which fall as acid rain

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76
Q

Sulphuric Acid

A

a weak acid (H2SO4)

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77
Q

Acid Rain

A

rain containing sulphuric acid which lowers the pH of lakes, rivers and soils around the globe

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78
Q

Acidosis

A

a disease where an organism’s pH goes too low

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79
Q

Alkadosis

A

a disease where an organism’s pH goes too high

80
Q

Paraffin Wax

81
Q

Micron

A

millionth of a metre

82
Q

Decimetre

A

one tenth of a metre

83
Q

The Avogadro number

A

6.02x10^23

the amount of particles in 1g of hydrogen

84
Q

Methane

A

a hydrocarbon with one carbon

85
Q

Ethane

A

a hydrocarbon with two carbons

86
Q

Propane

A

a hydrocarbon with three carbons

87
Q

Butane

A

a hydrocarbon with four carbons

88
Q

Pentane

A

a hydrocarbon with five carbons

89
Q

Sextane

A

a hydrocarbon with six carbons

90
Q

Heptanes

A

a hydrocarbon with seven carbons

91
Q

Octane

A

a hydrocarbon with eight carbons

92
Q

Nonane

A

a hydrocarbon with nine carbons

93
Q

Decane

A

a hydrocarbon with ten carbons

94
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

the chemistry of carbon-containing compounds

95
Q

Alkane

A

compounds made from the simplest hydrocarbons

96
Q

Homologous Series

A

the sequence of hydrocarbons

97
Q

Fractional Distillation

A

holes in sedimentary rock where crude oil is formed

98
Q

Crude oil

A

a substance formed in rock that can be separated out into naphtha, diesel, petrol and bitumen

99
Q

Fractional Distillation

A

allows separation of substances

100
Q

Pores

A

holes in sedimentary rock where crude oil is formed

101
Q

Carbohydrates

A

oxygenated hydrocarbons

102
Q

Oil Refinery

A

where fractional distillation happens and crude oil is separated out into molecules of similar sizes

103
Q

Bubble Trap

A

parts of the fractional tower that slows down molecules

104
Q

Alkenes

A

hydrocarbons containing double bonds

105
Q

Complete Combustion

A

combustion that only produces carbon dioxide and water

106
Q

Incomplete Combustion

A

combustion where there is not enough oxygen, producing carbon monoxide

107
Q

Ethene

A

the simplest alkene, C2H4

108
Q

Volatility

A

tendency a substance has to turn into a gas

109
Q

Viscosity

A

how easily a substance a substance flows

110
Q

Saturated Hydrocarbons

A

a hydrocarbon containing only single bonds

111
Q

General Equation

A

algebraic equation to explain a trend

112
Q

Cracking

A

reaction used in the oil industry to break down large hydrocarbons into smaller more useful ones

113
Q

Thermal Decomposition

A

the breakdown of a compound by heating it

114
Q

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

A

a hydrocarbon whose molecules contain at least one double bond

115
Q

Dodecane

A

a hydrocarbon with 12 carbon atoms

116
Q

Saturated

A

a molecule with only single bonds

117
Q

Unsaturated

A

a molecule with double bonds

118
Q

Suckback

A

when air is sucked back into a test tube

119
Q

Pentacosane

A

alkane with 25 carbons

120
Q

Potassium Chloride

A

KCl, used in fertilisers

121
Q

Sodium Nitrate

A

NaNO3, used for preserving sausages and ham

122
Q

Table Salt

A

calcium chloride, CaCl2

123
Q

Ammonium Nitrate

A

NH3NO3, used in fertilisers, does not contain a metal

124
Q

Copper Sulphate

A

CuSO4, used in pesticides

125
Q

Mercury Chloride

A

HgCl, used in pesticides

126
Q

Plaster of Paris

A

Calcium Sulphate, CaSO4

127
Q

Barium Sulphate

A

BaSO4, taken by patients before x-rays

128
Q

Sodium Chloride

A

NaCl, used for preserving sausages and ham and flavouring food

129
Q

Sodium Fluoride

A

NaF, used in toothpaste

130
Q

Saltpetre

131
Q

Calcium Sulphate

A

CaSO4, used in plaster casts

132
Q

Potassium Nitrate

A

KNO4, used in fireworks

133
Q

Sodium Chloride

134
Q

Iron Chloride

135
Q

Calcium Nitrate

136
Q

Calcium Phosphate

137
Q

Acid + metal

A

salt + hydrogen

138
Q

Acid + metal oxide

A

salt + water

139
Q

Acid + metal hydroxide

A

salt + water

140
Q

Acid + metal carbonate

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

141
Q

Magnesium Chloride

142
Q

Magnesium Nitrate

143
Q

Magnesium Sulphate

144
Q

Sodium Sulphate

145
Q

Calcium Chloride

146
Q

Copper Chloride

147
Q

Copper Phosphate

148
Q

Lithium Sulphate

149
Q

Sodium Phosphate

150
Q

Sodium Sulphate

151
Q

Zinc Chloride

152
Q

Zinc Nitrate

153
Q

Aqueous

A

dissolved in water

154
Q

Parallelopiped Crystals

A

crystals in the shape of six-sided parallelograms

155
Q

pH

A

power of hydrogen

156
Q

Ammonia

157
Q

Carbonic Acid

158
Q

Hydrogen Peroxide

A

H2O2, forms a liquid at room temperature

159
Q

Endothermic Reaction

A

reactions that cause a decrease in temperature, take energy in, and form bonds

160
Q

Exothermic Reaction

A

reactions that cause an increase in temperature, release energy, and break bonds

161
Q

Sulphuric Acid

A

a weak acid, H2SO4

162
Q

Calorimetry

A

the science of measuring changes in state variables through heat transfer

163
Q

Inert

A

unreactive

164
Q

Helium

A

used to fill balloons and air ships as it is lighter than air

165
Q

Neon

A

used for signs and lights

166
Q

Argon

A

used to fill light bulbs as it doesn’t react with the Tungsten filament

167
Q

Krypton

A

used to fill double glazing as it is a good insulator

168
Q

Xenon

A

used for lasers, car headlights and anaesthetic

169
Q

Radon

A

used in radiotherapy to cure cancer

170
Q

Halogens

A

groups of seven toxic non-metals elements that have coloured vapours, with low melting and boiling points and are poor conductors

171
Q

Fluorine

A

gas at room temperature, used to prevent tooth decay, processes nuclear fuel

172
Q

Chlorine

A

gas at room temperature, used to make disinfectants and antiseptics

173
Q

Bromine

A

liquid at room temperature, used in leaded petrol, medicines and photography

174
Q

Iodine

A

solid at room temperature, used in animal food supplements

175
Q

Astatine

A

solid at room temperature

176
Q

Extrapolate

A

extending a curve on a graph

177
Q

Alkali Metals

A

group of metals on the left hand side

178
Q

Water

179
Q

Cyclohexane

A

C6H12, used for dissolving halogens

180
Q

Electrochemistry

A

chemistry of electrolysis

181
Q

Monomer

A

small molecules that join together to form chains to make polymers

182
Q

Polymer

A

molecules made out of long chains of hundreds of monomers, eg DNA, proteins

183
Q

Repeating Unit

A

the bit of the polymer that repeats, which is different from the monomers as it breaks their double bond

184
Q

Plastics

A

synthetic polymers shaped by heat or pressure

185
Q

Natural Polymers

A

naturally-occurring polymers

186
Q

Synthetic Polymers

A

manmade polymers

187
Q

Polymerisation

A

the process by which polymers form

188
Q

Styrene

A

a hydrocarbon with abnormal structure

189
Q

Polystyrene

A

polymer made of sytrene

190
Q

Polyethene

A

polymer made of ethene

191
Q

Polypropene

A

polymer made of propene

192
Q

Vinyl Chloride

193
Q

Polyvinylchloride

A

PCV, polymer made of multiple vinyl chloride monomers

194
Q

Ester

A

monomers that join together to make polyester

195
Q

Polyester

A

polymer made of multiple ester molecules

196
Q

Anhydrous

A

without hydrogen

Revision (5 decks)

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