Physics Review Flashcards
1
Q
What is a dot product?
A
When you multiple a vector by a vector to produce a scalar
A.B = |A||B| cos(angle)
2
Q
What is a cross product?
A
When you multiply a vector by a vector to produce a vector
(Right Hand Rule)
A x B = |A||B| sin(angle)
3
Q
How do you apply the right hand rule?
A
- point your thumb in the direction of A
- extend fingers in the direction of B
- direction of palm is direction of third vector
4
Q
Sin(90)
A
1
5
Q
Sin(0)
A
0
6
Q
Cos(60)
A
0.5
7
Q
Cos(90)
A
0
8
Q
Sin(30)
A
0.5
9
Q
Cos(360)
A
1
10
Q
What is the SI Unit for force?
A
newton (N) or kg m / s^2
11
Q
Gravitational force
A
F(g) = Gm1m2 / r^2
12
Q
What is G (universal gravitational constant)?
A
6.67 x 10^-11 N m^2 /kg^2
13
Q
Equations for one dimensional motion
A
1) v = v(0) + at
2) x = v(0)t + at^2/2
3) v^2 = v(0)^2 + 2ax
4) x = vt
14
Q
Centripetal Force
A
Fc = mv^2/r
15
Q
What does torque (rotational motion) depend on?
A
- magnitude of the force
- length of the lever arm
- angle at which the force is applied
16
Q
What is the formula for calculating torque?
A
torque = r x F = |r||F|sin(angle)
17
Q
When is rotation negative and when is it positive?
A
clockwise rotation is (-)
counterclockwise rotation is (+)
18
Q
What is the SI unit for energy?
A
joule (J)
kg m^2 / s^2
19
Q
Gravitational potential energy
A
U = mgh
20
Q
Elastic potential energy
A
U = 1/2 kx^2
21
Q
Work
A
W = F.d = Fdcos(angle)
22
Q
Power
A
P = W/t = ΔE/t
23
Q
What is the SI unit for power?
A
watt (W)
J/s
24
Q
Electrical power
A
P = IV
25
What is mechanical advantage?
F(out) / F(in)
26
Efficiency
W(out) / W(in) = [(load)(load distance)] / [(effort)(effort distance)]
27
How to calculate the temperature in Fahrenheit?
F = 9/5C + 32
28
Thermal Expansion
```
ΔL = αLΔT
length change (solids)
```
29
Volumetric thermal expansion
ΔV = βVΔT
30
Change in internal energy
```
ΔU = Q - W, where
Q = energy transferred into the system as heat
W = work done by the system
```
31
What is 1 calorie (c) equal to?
the amount of heat required to raise 1g of water 1degree celsius
32
What is 1 Calorie (C) equal to?
the amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water 1degree celsius (equals 1000 c)
33
What is conduction?
the direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule through molecular collisions
34
What is convection?
the transfer of heat by the physical motion of a fluid over a material (only liquids and gases can transfer heat by this means)
35
Radiation
the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
36
What is the specific heat of water?
1 cal/g K
37
Specific heat formula
q = mcΔT
38
Isothermal processes
constant temperature, and therefore no change in internal energy
39
Adiabatic processes
no heat exchange
40
Isovolumetric processes
no change in volume, therefore, no work accomplished
41
Isobaric processes
occur at a constant pressure
42
Pressure formula
P = F/A
43
What is the SI unit of pressure?
1 Pa = 1 N/m^2
44
What is the conversion between Pa, mmHg, torr and atm?
1.1013 x 10^5 Pa = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 1 atm
45
What is absolute (hydrostatic) pressure?
the total pressure that is exerted on an object that is submerged in a fluid
46
What is the equation for absolute pressure?
P = P0 +(density)gz, where z=depth of the object and P0=pressure at the surface
47
Important Note!
W = PΔV = F1/A1(A1d1) = F2/A2(A2d2) = F1d1 = F2d2
48
Buoyant force
F(buoy) = density(fluid)V(fluid displaced)g = density(fluid)V(submerged)g
49
What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?
cohesion is the attractive force that a molecule of liquid feels toward other molecules of the same liquid vs. adhesion is the attractive force that a molecule of liquid feels toward molecules of other substances
50
What is the SI unit of viscosity?
pascal-second (N s / m^2)
51
Does a dilute aqueous solution have a low or high viscosity?
low
52
What is the fundamental unit of charge?
e = 1.60 x 10^19 C
53
What elements are insulators?
nonmetals
54
What elements are conductors?
metals
55
How are charges distributed in both insulators and conductors?
In insulators, charge doesn't distribute well over their surface. In conductors, charges evenly distribute
56
What is coulomb's law?
quantifies the magnitude of the electrostatic force between 2 charges
Fe = kq1q2/r^2
57
What is the value of k?
8.99 x 10^9 N m^2/C^2
58
How do you calculate the magnitude of an electric field?
E = Fe/q = kQ/r^2
59
Electrical potential energy
U = kQq/r
60
Electrical potential energy
V = U/q = kQ/r = Wab/q
61
Dipole moment
p = qd (C m)
62
Difference between diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials
diamagnetic materials are made of atoms with no unpaired electrons (no magnetic field) vs. paramagnetic (and ferromagnetic) materials have unpaired electrons
63
Magnitude of the magnetic field of a straight wire
B = μ(0)I / 2πr
64
Magnitude of the magnetic field of a circular loop
B = μ(0)I / 2r
65
Magnetic Force
F(B) = qvB sin(degree)
66
What is the SI unit for magnetic field strength
tesla (T)
| 1 T = 1 N s/m C
67
What is the magnitude of the force created by the magnetic field of a straight wire?
F(B) = ILB sin(degree)
where,
L = length of the wire in the field
B = magnitude of the magnetic field
68
Current (I)
Q/Δt
| Ampere (A) (1A = 1C/s)
69
How does direct current flow?
direction of current (flow of positive charges from high to low potential) is opposite to the direction of actual electron flow
70
What is electromotive force (emf)?
the voltage when no charge is moving between the two terminals of a cell that are at different potential values (1V = 1 J/C)
71
How do you determine resistance?
R = (resistivity)L / A,
| where A is its cross-sectional area
72
What is the SI unit for resistivity?
ohm-meter (Ω m)
73
How do you calculate the actual voltage supplied by a cell to a circuit?
V = E(cell) - ir(internal),
where
E(cell) = the emf
i = current through the cell
r (internal) = internal resistance
74
How do you calculate power within a circuit?
P = IV = I^2R = V^2/R
75
What is the voltage within a circuit of parallel resistors?
Vp = V1 = V2 = Vn
76
Capacitance
C = Q/V
77
What is the SI unit for capacitance?
farad (1F = 1 C/V)
78
Electric field
E = V/d
79
The potential energy stored in a capacitor
U = 1/2CV^2
80
How do you calculate the capacitance of capacitors connected in series?
1/Cs = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3...
81
How do you calculate the capacitance of capacitors connected in parallel?
Cp = C1 + C2 + C3...
82
Propagation speed (v) of a wave
v = fλ
83
How do you determine the period (number of seconds per cycle)?
T = 1/f
84
Constructive interference
when waves are perfectly in phase, the displacements always add together and the amplitude of the resultant is equal to the sum of the amplitudes of the two waves
85
Destructive interference
when waves are perfectly out of phase, the displacement always counteract each other and the amplitude of the resultant wave is the difference in amplitude of the interacting waves
86
When is there zero amplitude during destructive interference?
two equal waves are exactly 180 degrees out of phase
87
Speed of sound
v = sqrt[B/(density of the medium)],
where B = measure of the medium's resistance to compression
88
What is the doppler effect?
phenomenon that describes the difference between the actual frequency of a sound and its perceived frequency when the source of the sound and the sound's detector are moving relative to one another
89
How does the sign convention in the Doppler equation work?
the top sign is "toward"
| the bottom sign is "away"
90
Doppler effect equation
f' = f[(v+/-vD) / (v-/+vS)]
91
What is the SI unit for intensity?
watts/m^2
92
How do you calculate intensity?
I = P/A
93
How to determine the sound level
β = 10 log(I/Io),
where I is the intensity of the sound wave and Io is the threshold of hearing (1 x10^-12 W/m^2)
94
the wavelength of a standing wave (string)
λ = 2L / n, where L = λ/2, 2λ/2, 3λ/2...
95
the frequency of a standing wave (string)
f = nv / 2L
96
the frequency and wavelength of a standing wave (open pipe)
```
λ = 2L / n, where L = λ/2, 2λ/2, 3λ/2...
f = nv / 2L
```
97
the frequency and wavelength of a standing wave (closed pipe)
```
λ = 4L / n, where L = λ/2, 2λ/2, 3λ/2...
f = nv / 4L (n = 1, 3, 5...)
```
98
Speed of light equation
c = fλ
99
What is the wavelength of violet?
400nm
100
What is the wavelength of red?
700nm
101
Center of curvature of a spherical mirror
a point on the optical axis that marks where the center of curvature would be if the spherically-shaped mirror were a complete sphere
102
Radius of curvature
distance between the center of curvature and the mirror
103
the equation to determine image distance for all types of mirrors and lenses
1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 2/r
104
When is an image considered "real"?
if the image has a positive distance (i > 0)
105
When is an image considered "virtual"?
if the image has a negative distance (i < 0)
106
How do you determine the magnification?
m = - i/o
107
When is an image considered "inverted"?
negative magnification
108
When is an image considered "upright"?
positive magnification
109
When is r positive for mirrors?
mirror is concave (converging)
110
When is r negative for mirrors?
mirror is convex (diverging)
111
When is f positive for mirrors?
mirror is concave (converging)
112
When is f negative for mirrors?
mirror is convex (diverging)
113
determining the index of refraction
n = c/v
114
Snell's law
n1sin(degree)1 = n2sin(degree)2
115
When is i positive for a single lens?
image is on the opposite side of the lens from the light source (real)
116
When is i negative for a single lens?
image is on the same side of the lens as the light source (virtual)
117
When is r positive for a single lens?
the lens is convex (converging)
118
When is r negative for a single lens?
the lens is concave (diverging)
119
When is f positive for a single lens?
the lens is convex (converging)
120
When is f negative for a single lens?
the lens is concave (diverging)
121
How do you determine the power of your lens?
P = 1/f
122
What type of lens do people who are near-sighted require?
diverging lenses (concave)
123
What type of lens do people who are far-sighted require?
converging lenses (convex)
124
How do you calculate the magnification of a multiple lens system?
m = m1 x m2 x m3...
125
During a single slit experiment, how do you determine the location of the dark fringes (minima)?
```
a sin (degree) = nλ
where a = width of the slit
n = number of fringe
λ = wavelength of the incident wave
```
126
What would make the central bright fringe (maximum) wider for a single slit experiment?
make the slit narrower
127
During a double-slit experiment, how do you determine the location of the dark fringes (minima)?
```
d sin(degree) = (n+1/2)λ
where, d = distance between the two slits
n = number of fringes
λ = wavelength of the incident wave
```
128
What is the threshold frequency? f(T)
the minimum frequency of light that causes ejection of electrons
129
How do you determine the energy of each photon?
E = hf
130
What is Planck's constant (h)
6.626 x 10^-34 J s
131
How do you calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electron?
K(max) = hf - W,
where W = work function of the metal
132
How do you determine the work function of the metal?
W = hf(T)
133
What is mass detect?
one would assume that the mass of the nucleus is simply the sum of the masses of all of the protons and neutrons within it, the actual mass of every nucleus is slightly smaller than that
134
What is fusion?
occurs when small nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus
135
What is fission?
process by which a large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei
136
What is alpha decay?
the emission of an alpha particle, which is a 4,2He nucleus that consists of 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 0 electrons
137
What is beta decay?
the emission of a beta particle, which is a neutron converted into a proton
138
What is beta - decay?
(A,Z)X --> (A, Z+1)Y + B- [increase of 1 proton, decrease of 1 neutron]
139
What is beta + decay?
(A, Z)X --> (A, Z-1)Y + B+ [decrease of 1 proton, increase of 1 neutron]
140
What is gamma decay?
the emission of y-rays, which are high energy; they carry no charge and simply lower the energy of the parent nucleus without changing the mass number
