Behavioral Sciences Review Flashcards
1
Q
When things are far away…
A
Muscles of eyes relax
2
Q
When things are closer…
A
Muscles of eyes contract
3
Q
Motion Parallax
A
“relative motion”
Things far away are slower, things that are closer are faster
4
Q
What hearing adaptation occurs when there is a louder noise?
A
Inner ear muscle contracts, dampening vibrations in the inner ear. This protects the eardrum
5
Q
When does down-regulation of sight occur?
A
When it’s bright out, your pupils constrict letting less light enter the back of the eye.
rods and cones become desensitized to light
6
Q
When does up-regulation of sight occur?
A
When it’s dark out, your pupils dilate letting more light enter the back of the eye.
rods and cones become over-sensitized to light
7
Q
Absolute threshold of sensation
A
the minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
8
Q
Where do balance and spatial orientation come from?
A
inner ear and limbs
9
Q
How do we detect what direction our head is moving in?
A
The semicircular canal of the ear is filled with endolymph, a fluid that shifts based on direction
10
Q
Signal Detection Theory
A
How we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty; determining between “noise” and important stimuli
11
Q
Pragnanz
A
reality organized such that it is reduced to simplest form possible
12
Q
Law of Common Fate
A
If there are an array of dots and half the dots are moving upward while the other half are moving downward, we would perceive the upward moving dots and the downward moving dots as two distinct units.
13
Q
Conjunctiva
A
thin layer of cells that lines the inside of your eyelids from the eye
14
Q
Cornea
A
transparent thick sheet of fibrous tissue, anterior 1/6th; starts to bends light,
first part of eye that light hits
15
Q
Anterior Chamber
A
space filled with aqueous humour, which provides pressure to maintain shape of eyeball; allows nutrients and minerals to supply cells of cornea/iris
16
Q
Pupil
A
the opening in the middle of the iris. The size of the pupil can get bigger/smaller based on the iris relaxing/contracting respectively. The pupil modulates the amount of light able to enter the eyeball.
17
Q
Lens
A
bends the light so it goes to back of eyeball – focuses light specifically on the fovea of the retina. Adjust how much it bends the light by changing its shape, using the suspensory ligaments
18
Q
Retina
A
inside, back area filled with photoreceptors, where the ray of light is converted from a physical waveform to a electrochemical impulse that the brain can interpret
19
Q
Macula
A
special part of retina rich in cones, but there are also rods
20
Q
Fovea
A
special part of macula. Completely covered in cones, no rods
21
Q
What wavelength is violet light?
A
400nm
22
Q
What wavelength is red light?
A
700nm
23
Q
Phototransduction Cascade
A
Light hits rods (turns rods off) –> bipolar cells (turn on) –> retinal ganglion cells (turn on) –> optic nerve –> brain
24
Q
When does photopic vision occur?
A
at levels of high light
25
When does mesopic vision occur?
at levels of middle light, using both rods and cones
26
When does scotopic vision occur?
at levels of low light
27
Are there more rods or cones?
RODS
28
Parvocellular Pathway
good at spatial resolution (boundaries and shape) and color, but poor temporal (cannot detect movement)
29
Magnocellular Pathway
high temporal resolution, but poor spatial resolution
30
What are two things that are needed to detect sound?
1) pressurized sound wave (a stimuli)
| 2) hair cell (a receptor located in the cochlea)
31
What is the auditory pathway?
1) sound hits the outer part of the ear: pinna
2) sound funnels through from the pinna to the auditory canal
3) from the auditory canal sound hits the tympanic membrane
4) as pressurized waves hit the tympanic membrane (eardrum) it vibrates causing the following three bones to vibrate (i. malleus, ii. incus, iii. stapes)
5) the stapes is attached to the oval window, resulting in it moving back and forth
6) as it gets vibrated, it pushes fluid and and causes it to go into the cochlea
7) as hair cells in the cochlea move back electrical impulses are transported by the auditory nerve to the brain
32
What is the difference between kinesthesia and proprioception?
kinesthesia involves a sense of movement, whereas proprioception involves balance/position
33
What are the 5 main tastes?
1) sour
2) bitter
3) sweet
4) salty
5) umami
34
What type of waves are present during the first stage of non-REM?
theta
35
What occurs during first stage of non-REM?
hypnogogic hallucinations and the Tetris effect
36
What type of waves are present during the second stage of non-REM?
theta waves, sleep spindles, and k complexes
37
What type of waves are present during the third stage of non-REM?
delta waves
38
Acronym for waves during different stages of sleep
```
BATS-Drink Blood
beta
alpha
theta
sleep spindles
delta
beta
```
39
What is manifest content?
according to Sigmund Freud, this is the elements of the dream that are remembered upon awakening
40
What is latent content?
according to Sigmund Freud, this is the element of the dream that is the underlying meaning of these symbols
41
Activation Synthesis Hypothesis
brain gets a lot of neural impulses in the brainstem that is sometimes interpreted by the frontal cortex
42
What are barbiturates?
used to induce sleep or reduce anxiety; depresses your CNS
43
What are the different types of stimulants?
caffeine, amphetamines (adderall), methaphetamines, molly/ecstasy, cocaine, nicotine, THC
44
How does cocaine function?
blocks dopamine uptake
45
How do amphetamines function?
inhibits the enzyme that breaks down cAMP
46
How does THC function?
increases dopamine and GABA activity
47
Difference between opioids and opiates
opiates are natural vs. opioids are synthetic
48
What is the fastest route of drug entry?
intramuscular injection
49
Cognitive Behavioral (CB) Therapy
psychological treatment for drug treatment that addresses both cognitive and behavioral components of addiction. Patients learn to recognize problematic thought patterns and develop more positive thought patterns and coping behaviors.
50
Perceptual Blindness
we aren’t aware of things not in our visual field when our attention is directed elsewhere in that field
51
Distal Stimuli
The actual object (tree, flower, etc)
52
Proximal Stimuli
component of the distal stimuli that can be senses by your sensory receptors
53
Resource Model of Attention
we have a limited pool of resources on which to draw when performing tasks, both modality-specific resources and general resources
Resources that are easily overtasked if we try to pay attention to multiple things at once
54
Information Processing Model
proposes our brains are similar to computers. We get input from environment, process it, and output decisions. Doesn’t describe where things happen in the brain
55
Iconic Memory
memory for what you see (lasts half a second)
56
Echoic Memory
memory of what you hear (3-4 seconds)
57
Dual Coding Hypothesis
easier to remember words associated with images
58
Method of Loci
imagine moving through a familiar place and in each place leaving a visual representation of topic to be remembered
59
Explicit Memory
type of long term memory that focuses on recalling previous
| experiences and information.
60
Semantic Memory
has to do with words/facts
61
Episodic Memory
event-related memories
62
Implicit Memories /Non-Declarative
type of memory in which previous experiences aid the
| performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences (ex. procedural)
63
Rote Rehearsal
say the same thing over and over remember --> least effective technique
64
Chunking
we group info we’re getting into meaningful categories we already know to ease memorization
65
Mnemonic Devices
Link what you are trying to learn into previously exist long-term
information that is already in your memory
66
Pegword System
Verbal anchors link words that rhyme with the number – EX.1
| is bun, 2 is shoe, 3 is tree, 4 is door, 5 is skydive, 6 is sticks, 7 is heaven, etc.
67
Method of Loci
good for remembering things in order, link info to locations
68
Acronym
each of the letter of a popular word you know stands for the first letters of a set of words you need to remember
69
State-Dependent
your state at the moment you encode. When you are in a certain mood when you encode you can then remember it when you are in the same mood.
70
Retroactive Interference
new learning impairs old info
71
Proactive Interference
something you learned in past impairs learning in
| future
72
What causes Korsakoff's Syndrome?
lack of Vitamin B or thiamine
Caused by
malnutrition, eating disorders, and especially alcoholism
73
Retrograde Amnesia
inability to recall info previously encoded
74
Anterograde Amnesia
inability to encode new memories
75
Describe Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage
(0-2 years old)
| Main task/awareness develops is object permanence: objects exist even if they can’t see them.
76
Describe Piaget's Preoperational Stage
(2-7 years old)
- children develop/engage in pretend play
- start to use symbols to represent things
- associated with an inability to understand the perspective of others
77
Describe Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage
(7-11 years old)
- Learn idea of conservation
- take 2 identical glasses with same amount of water, and kids will tell you they have the same --> pour one into short fat glass and other into tall skinny glass in front of the child and ask child which one has more
78
Describe Piaget's Formal Operational Stage
(12+ years old)
child will be able to think logically
about abstract ideas, hypothetical situations, and use abstract thinking to
solve novel problems
79
Heuristics
mental shortcut that allows us to find solution quicker than other 2, Reduces the # of solutions we need to try by taking an approach as to what possibilities could exist and eliminates trying unlikely possibilities
80
Availability Heuristic
decision making heuristic where choices are based on quick, easily accessible examples
81
Representativeness Heuristic
a heuristic where people look for the most representative answer, and look to match prototype – a given concept to what is typical/representative
82
What is the difference between availability and representativeness heuristic?
the availability heuristic focuses on specific memories whereas representativeness heuristic focuses on general concepts
83
Belief Perseverance
ignore/rationalize disconfirming facts, ex. during elections learned about and then ignore facts about someone you like
84
Confirmation Bias
actively seek out only confirming facts. Ex. only read stories about how wonderful candidate was
85
Framing Effects
how you present the decision can affect decisions as well
86
Fluid Intelligence
ability to reason quickly and abstractly, such as when solving novel logic problems
the ability to recognize and reason relationships between objects or ideas independent of previous experience
87
Crystallized Intelligence
refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
88
What is relativism?
weak linguistic determinism: language influences thought. It makes it easier/more common for us to think in certain ways based on how our language is structured
89
What is the Sapir-Whorfian hypothesis?
Language determines thought completely
90
Learning (Behaviorist) Theory
children aren’t born with anything, they only acquire language through operant conditioning. Child learns to say “mama” because every time they say that, mom reinforces child
91
Phonology
phonetic component, actual sound of a language
92
Morphology
refers to the structure of words
93
Semantics
association of meaning with a word
94
Syntax
how words are put together in sentences
95
Pragmatics
Dependences of language on context and pre-existing knowledge
96
What are the 6 main universal languages?
1) happiness
2) sadness
3) anger
4) surprise
5) fear
6) disgust
97
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Experience of emotion is due to perception of physiological responses
Ex. A man, who is allergic to bees, encounters a bee. The man’s heartbeat increases, he starts sweating, and he interprets these physiological changes as the emotion fear
Event --> Physiological Response (PR) --> Interpretation of PR --> Emotion
98
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
believed physiological response and emotion occurred simultaneously
Ex: holding your cat (event) causes your heart rate (physiological response) to increase and feel joy (emotion) at the same time.
Event --> Physiological Response + Emotion at same time
99
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
physiological and cognitive responses simultaneously form experience of emotion. If we become physiologically aroused, we don’t feel a specific emotion until we’re able to label/ identify reason for situation.
Ex: Holding your cat (event) --> Physiological response of increase HR/or changes in NT level --> label the situation and identify reason for physiological response and event (This is really nice, I like holding my cat, this makes me happy) --> emotion (Happy)
Event --> PR + Identify reason for the situation (PR) (consciously) --> Emotion
100
Appraisal Theory of Stress
stress arises less from physical events but more from the
| assessment/interpretation of those stresses/events
101
General Adaptation Syndrome
1. Alarm phase – stress reaction kicks in, heart races, resources mobilized –
“Ready for fight or flight”
2. Resistance – fleeing, huddling, temperature elevated, BP high, breathing rate
high, body bathed in cortisol.
3. Exhaustion – if resistance isn’t followed by recovery, our body’s stress
resources are depleted, our tissues become damaged and our dampened
immunity can make us susceptible to illness. Negative impact of long term stress.
102
What are the 5 forms of somatosensation?
1) sense of position
2) vibration
3) touch
4) pain
5) temperature
103
What can you sense with mechanoreceptors?
position, vibration, and touch
104
What can you sense with nociceptors?
pain
105
What can you sense with thermoreceptors?
temperature
106
Are thermoreceptors and nociceptors fast or slow acting?
slow
107
Are mechanoreceptors fast or slow acting?
fast
108
What determines whether a receptor will be fast or slow acting?
Faster receptors have axons with larger diameters and have thicker myelin sheaths
109
CAT Scan
CT scans are a computerized composite of X-ray images that are slightly lower resolution than MRI and are not as good for soft tissue but are faster than MRIs [doesn't determine function]
110
MRI
uses radio waves and they are exposed to a magnetic field. The radio waves are then added to the magnetic field and disrupts orientation of atoms. As atoms move back to alignment with magnetic field they release signals and those are used to create image. [doesn't determine function]
111
EEG
Can tell us about seizures, sleep stage, cognitive tasks.
112
MEG
better resolution than EEG, also tells us the function
113
fMRI
same image from MRI but can
look at which structures are active! Neurons that are active require oxygen. Measuring relative amounts of oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood in the brain – we can figure out what brain areas are being used for a certain task.
114
PET
can’t give us detail of structure, but can combine them with CAT scans and MRIs. Inject glucose into cells and see what areas of brain are more active at given point in time. (Active cells = use most glucose). More invasive.
115
What does the endoderm form?
GI tract tube (forms esophagus, small intestine, large intestine), lungs, liver, pancreas
116
What does the mesoderm form?
inner layers of skin, muscles, bones, cardiac muscles, kidneys, and bladder, ovaries/testes
117
What does the ectoderm form?
outer layer of skin, sweat glands, hair skin, nervous system
118
Behavioral Genetics
looking at genetic component (heredity component) or hardwiring component to behavior
119
Id
It is made up of all instincts and wants to get rid of all uncomfortable feelings
120
Ego
Mediates the demands of reality vs. the desires of the Id. This is who we identify with/believe ourselves to be.
121
Superego
inhibits Sexual and Aggressive impulses, and tries to replace reality with morality, striving for perfection
122
What are the 5 needs of the Maslow Heirarchy of Needs?
1) physiological
2) safety
3) love
4) self-esteem
5) self-actualization
123
What is the central route of persuasion?
The degree of attitude change depends on quality of the arguments by the persuader. How much we are persuaded depends on quality of persuasion.
124
What is the peripheral route of persuasion?
looks at superficial/expertise/non-verbal persuasion cues, such as attractiveness/status of persuader
125
Social Potency
degree to which a person assumes leadership roles and mastery of roles in social situations
126
Behaviorist Theory
personality is the result of learned behavior patterns based on a person's environment
127
Privately conform
change behaviors and opinions to align with group
128
Publicly conform
you're outwardly changing but inside you maintain core beliefs; you only outwardly agree with the group
129
Group polarization
group decision-making amplifies the original opinion of group members
130
Groupthink
occurs when maintaining harmony among group members is more important than carefully analyzing problems at hand
131
Social anomie
breakdown of social bonds between an individual and community
132
Compliance
situations where we behave to get a reward or avoid punishment. Compliance goes away once rewards/punishments removed
133
Social facilitation
individuals perform better in front of an audience
134
Hawthorne Effect
individual participants change their behavior, specifically due to awareness of being observed
135
Folkways
mildest type of norm, just common rules/manners we are supposed to follow on a day to day basis
136
Mores
norms based on some moral value/belief (dependent on a group's values of right and wrong) [no consequences]
137
Laws
norms based on right and wrong, but has consequences
138
Theory of differential association
deviance is a learned behavior that results from continuous exposure to others whom violate norms and laws
139
Latent learning
learned behavior isn't expressed until required
140
Central processing
focus on the deeper meaning of the information
141
Peripheral processing
focus on superficial characteristics, such as: attractiveness of the speaker, their PowerPoint attractiveness, etc.
142
The social-cognitive theory
view behaviors as being influenced by people's traits/cognition and their social context
cognition --> environment --> behavior
143
Existential self
most basic part of self-concept, the sense of being separate and distinct from others.
Awareness that the self is constant/consistent
144
Categorical self
awareness that even though we are separate/distinct, we also exist in the world with others
145
Self-efficacy
belief in one's abilities to succeed in a situation/to organize and execute the courses of action required in a particular situation
146
Freud's Oral Stage
(0-1 years old)
| libido/sense of interaction is centered around baby’s mouth
147
Freud's Anal Stage
(1-3 years old)
148
Freud's Phallic Stage
(3-6 years old)
children discover difference between males and females:
Oedipus complex and Electra complex at this stage
149
Freud's Latent Stage
(6-12)
A period of exploration, libido present but directed
into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions
150
Freud's Genital Stage
12+ years old
151
Erikson's Stage 1
(0-1 years old)
Trust vs. Mistrust
If an infant’s physical and emotional needs are not met, as an adult he or she may mistrust everyone
152
Erikson's Stage 2
(1-3 years old)
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
children develop independence by walking away from mother, what they eat, etc. Critical that parents allow children to do that
153
Erikson's Stage 3
(3-6 years old)
| Initiative vs. Guilt
154
Erikson's Stage 4
(6-12 years old)
Industry vs. Inferiority
teachers take an important role in a child’s life, and child works towards competence
155
Erikson's Stage 5
(12-20 years old)
| Identity vs. Role Confusion
156
Erikson's Stage 6
(20-40 years old)
| Intimacy vs. Isolation
157
Erikson's Stage 7
(40-65 years old)
| Generativity vs. Stagnation
158
Erikson's Stage 8
(65+ years old)
| Integrity vs. Despair
