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MCAT > Biochemistry Review > Flashcards

Biochemistry Review Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

substrate cannot access enzymatic binding site, because an inhibitor is in the way

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2
Q

How does adding a competitive inhibitor impact Vmax?

A

Vmax: not impacted because if enough substrate is added, it will outcompete the inhibitor
(y-intercept stays the same)

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3
Q

How does adding a competitive inhibitor impact Km?

A

Km: increased because he substrate concentration has to higher to reach half the maximum velocity in the presence of the inhibitor
(x-intercept increases in value)

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4
Q

What is noncompetitive inhibition?

A

noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an allosteric site instead of the active site and changes the enzyme conformation.

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5
Q

Why can’t you overcome noncompetitive inhibition by adding more substrate?

A

the two molecules don’t compete for the same site

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6
Q

How does adding a competitive inhibitor impact Vmax?

A

Vmax: decreases because there is less enzyme available to react

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7
Q

How does adding a competitive inhibitor impact Km?

A

Km: not impacted because any copies of the enzyme that are still active maintain the same affinity for their substrate

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8
Q

What is uncompetitive inhibition?

A

bind only to the enzyme-substrate complex and essentially lock the substrate in the enzyme, preventing its release

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9
Q

How does adding a competitive inhibitor impact Km?

A

Km: lowers

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10
Q

How does adding a competitive inhibitor impact Vmax?

A

Vmax: lowers

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11
Q

What is myosin?

A

primary motor protein that interacts with actin

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12
Q

What is kinesin?

A

motor protein associated with microtubules that plays a key role during mitosis

brings vesicles toward the positive end of the microtubule

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13
Q

What is dynein?

A

motor protein associated with microtubules that is involved in the sliding movement of cilia and flagella

brings vesicles of waste or recycled neurotransmitter back toward the negative end of the microtubule

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14
Q

Enantiomer

A

stereoisomer that are nonidentical, non superimposable mirror images of each other

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15
Q

Number of stereoisomers with a common backbone

A

2^n

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16
Q

What are glycerophospholipids?

A

phospholipids that contain a glycerol backbone bonded by ester linkages to two fatty acids and a highly polar head group

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17
Q

What are waxes?

A

long chain fatty acids with long chain alcohols

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18
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins?

A

they act as paracrine or autocrine signaling molecules and regulate the synthesis of cAMP –> cAMP mediates the actions of many other hormones

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19
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A?

A

important for vision, growth, immune function and development

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20
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A

converted to calcitriol which increases calcium and phosphate uptake in the intestines

calcitonin promotes bone production

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21
Q

What is the function of Vitamin K?

A

vital to the post translational modifications required to form prothrombin, an important clotting factor in the blood.

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22
Q

What are characteristics of triacylglycerols?

A

nonpolar and hydrophobic

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23
Q

Where is the pentose bound to the nitrogenous base?

A

The base is covalently linked to the C-1’ of the sugar

24
Q

Where is phosphate group bound to the nucleoside?

A

C-5’ of a nucleoside

25
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between A and T?

A

2

26
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between G and C?

A

3

27
Q

Describe the turns of DNA

A

a turn is made every 3.4nm and contains about 10 bases within that span

28
Q

What is the role of restriction enzymes?

A

they recognize specific double-stranded DNA sequences that are palindromic (5’ to 3’ sequence of one strange is identical to the 5’ to 3’ sequence of the other strand)

29
Q

Southern Blot

A

used to detect the presence and quantity of various DNA strands in a sample

30
Q

How are transgenic mice formed?

A

mice are altered at their germ line by introducing a cloned gene into fertilized ova or into embryonic stem cells

31
Q

Where is tRNA found?

A

cytoplasm

32
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

help catalyze the formation of peptide bonds and is also important in splicing out its own introns within the nucleus

rRNA synthesized in the nucleolus

33
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

34
Q

Missense Mutation

A

mutation where one amino acid substitutes for another

35
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

mutation where the codon now encodes for a premature stop codon

36
Q

What occurs in the A site of a ribosome?

A

holds the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA complex, which is the next amino acid that is being added to the growing chain

37
Q

What occurs in the P site of a ribosome?

A

holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

a peptide bond is formed as the polypeptide is passed from the tRNA in the P site to the tRNA in the A site

38
Q

What occurs in the E site of a ribosome?

A

where the inactivated (uncharged) tRNA pauses before exiting the ribosome

These are uncharged tRNA because the amino acid from the aminoacyl-tRNA complex left

39
Q

What is the function of carboxylation?

A

addition of carboxylic acid groups to peptides serves as a calcium binding site

40
Q

What is the function of glycosylation?

A

traddition of of oligosaccharides as proteins pass through the ER and Golgi Apparatus determine the cellular destination

41
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

transcription activating proteins that search the DNA looking for specific DNA-binding motifs

42
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

tightly coiled DNA that is inaccessible to the transcription machinery, so these genes are inactive

43
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

DNA that is more loosely coiled and can be accessed by transcription machinery –> genes are active

44
Q

What is the impact of histone acetylation?

A

acetylation of histone protein decreases the positive charge on lysine residues and weaken the interaction of the histone with DNA –> results in an open chromatin conformation that allows for easier access to transcription machinery

45
Q

What is the result of DNA methylation?

A

methyl groups are added to cytosine and adenine nucleotides –> silences gene expression

46
Q

What is the composition of waxes?

A

waxes are composed of a long chain fatty acid and a long chain alcohol

47
Q

Where are carbohydrates present on the plasma membrane

A

carbohydrates are attached to protein molecules on the extracellular surface of cells

carbohydrates are generally hydrophilic, so interactions between glycoproteins and water form a coat around the cell

48
Q

Gap Junctions

A

allow for direct cell-cell communication and are often found in bunches together

permit movement of water and some solutes directly between cells; proteins not transferred through gap junction

49
Q

Tight Junctions

A

prevent solutes from leaking into the space between cells via a paracellular route

50
Q

Desmosomes

A

bind adjacent cells by anchoring to their cytoskeletons

51
Q

Hypotonic

A

the concentration of solutes inside the cell is higher than the surrounding solution

52
Q

Hypertonic

A

the concentration of solutes inside the cell is lower than the surrounding solution

53
Q

Osmotic Pressure (II)

A

II = iMRT

i = number of particles obtained from the molecule when in solution

54
Q

How many sodium and potation ions are pumped by the sodium potassium pump?

A

3 Na+ out for 2 K+ in

55
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

56
Q

Glycolysis

A

cytoplasmic pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules

57
Q

What is the purpose of glycolysis in the liver

A

it is a part of the process by which excess glucose is connected to fatty acids for storage

MCAT (6 decks)

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