Chemistry Review

Question 1

What are colligative properties?

Answer 1

physical properties of solutions that are dependent on the concentration of dissolved particles but not on the chemical identity of the dissolved particles

Question 2

What are examples of colligative properties?

Answer 2

vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure

Question 3

Why is there a reduction of vapor pressure when a solute is added to a solvent?

Answer 3

the presence of solute molecules can block the evaporation of solvent molecules but not their condensation

Question 4

Raoult’s Law

Answer 4

P(A) = X(A)P(A)’
where,
P(A) = vapor pressure of solvent A when solutes are present
X(A) = mole fraction of the solvent A in the solution
P(A)’ = vapor pressure of solvent A in its pure state

Question 5

How does boiling point elevation go hand in hand with vapor pressure depression?

Answer 5

if the vapor pressure of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent, then more energy will be required before its vapor pressure equals the ambient pressure

Question 6

How do you determine boiling point elevation?

Answer 6

ΔT(b) = iK(b)m
where,
i = van’t Hoff factor
m - molality of a solution

Question 7

What impact do solutes have on the freezing point of a solvent?

Answer 7

the presence of solute particles in a solution interferes with the formation of the lattice arrangement of solvent molecules associates with the solid-state

Question 8

The formula for calculating the freezing point depression for a solution

Answer 8

ΔT(f) = iK(f)m

Question 9

What is an Arrhenius acid?

Answer 9

it dissociates to form an excess of H+ in solution

Question 10

What is an Arrhenius base?

Answer 10

it dissociates to form an excess of OH- in solution

Question 11

What is a Bronsted-Lowry acid?

Answer 11

species that donates hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 12

What is a Bronsted-Lowry base?

Answer 12

species that accepts hydrogen ions

Question 13

What is a Lewis acid?

Answer 13

electron-pair acceptor

Question 14

What is a Lewis base?

Answer 14

electron-pair donor

Question 15

How is the pH of a solution expressed?

Answer 15

pH = -log[H+]

Question 16

How is the pOH of a solution expressed?

Answer 16

pOH = -log[OH-]

Question 17

How do you determine pH when the value is given n x 10^-m?

Answer 17

-log[n x 10^-m] = -n - log(10^-m) = m - log(n)

move a decimal spot for n (divide n by 10)

Question 18

How do you calculate the unknown concentration of a titrand during a titration?

Answer 18

N(a)V(a) = N(b)V(b),

where Na and Nb are acid and base normalities

Question 19

Bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 19

CO2(g) + H2O(l) –> H2CO3(aq) –> H+(aq) + HCO3- (aq)

Question 20

What is the equation used to estimate the pH or pOH of a buffer solution

Answer 20

pH = pKa + log[A-]/[HA]
pOH = pKb + log[B+]/[BOH]

Question 21

What is an oxidizing agent?

Answer 21

causes another atom in a redox reaction to undergo oxidation and is itself reduced

Question 22

What is a reducing agent?

Answer 22

causes the other atom to be reduced and is itself oxidized