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Sonography Exam Review > Physics Principles > Flashcards

Physics Principles Flashcards

1
Q

process whereby sound energy is dissipated in a medium, primarily in the form of heat

A

absorption

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2
Q

having to do with sound

A

acoustic

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3
Q

resistance of sound as is propagates through a medium

A

acoustic impedance

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4
Q

effects on sound beam caused by the medium; includes pressure, density, and particle motion (distance and temperature)

A

acoustic variables

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5
Q

realting to the strength of the compression wave; max variation of an acoustic variable

A

amplitude

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6
Q

attenuation occurring with each centimeter that sound travels

A

attenuation coefficient

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7
Q

range of frequencies found in pulse ultrasound

A

bandwidth

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8
Q

distance around the perimeter of an object

A

circumference

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9
Q

region of high pressure or density in a compression wave

A

compression

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10
Q

a nonplused wave in which cycles repeat indefinitely

A

continuous wave

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11
Q

one complete variation in pressure or other acoustic variable

A

cycle

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12
Q

a unit used to compare the ratio of intensities or amplitudes of two sound waves or two points along the wave

A

decibel

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13
Q

concentration of mass, weight, or matter per unit volume

A

density

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14
Q

dependence of velocity of other physical parameters on frequency

A

dispersion

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15
Q

amount of space from one object to another

A

distance

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16
Q

fraction of time that pulse ultrasound is on

A

duty factor

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17
Q

capability of doing work

A

energy

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18
Q

comparison of range of frequencies (bandwidth) with operating frequency

A

fractional bandwidth

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19
Q

number of cycles in a wave occurring in 1 second

A

frequency

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20
Q

original operating frequency

A

fundamental frequency

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21
Q

thickness of tissue required to reduce the intensity of the sound beam by one-half; also known as depth of penetration, half boundary layer, or penetration depth

A

half value layer (HVL)

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22
Q

echoes of twice the frequency transmitted into the body that reflect back to the transducer, which improves image quality

A

harmonic frequency

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23
Q

once cycle per second; unit of frequency

A

hertz (Hz)

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24
Q

determines how much of an incident sound wave is reflected back from the first medium and how much is transmitted into the sound beam

A

impedance

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25
Q

direction of incident beam with respect to the media boundary

A

incident angle

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26
Q

initial or staring beam

A

incident beam

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27
Q

rate at which energy transmits over a specific area

A

intensity

28
Q

one thousand cycles per second

A

kilohertz (kHz)

29
Q

wave traveling in straight line

A

longitudinal wave

30
Q

incident ultrasound traveling at an oblique angle to the media boundary

A

oblique incidence

31
Q

time to complete one cycle

A

period

32
Q

incident ultrasound traveling at an angle perpendicular to the media boundary

A

perpendicular incidence

33
Q

concentration of force

A

pressure

34
Q

speed at which a wave moves through a medium

A

propagation speed

35
Q

a collection of a number of cycles that travel together

A

pulse

36
Q

portion of time from the beginning to the end of a pulse

A

pulse duration

37
Q

number of pulses per second

A

pulse repetition frequency

38
Q

time between the beginning of one cycle and the beginning of the next cycle

A

pulse repetition period

39
Q

a few pulses of ultrasound followed by a longer pause of no ultrasound.

A

pulse ultrasound

40
Q

for short pulses, the Q factor is equal to the number of cycles in a pulse; the lower the Q factor the better the image

A

Quality Factor (Q factor)

41
Q

regions of low pressure or density in a compression wave

A

rarefaction

42
Q

occurs when the reflector is much smaller than the wavelength of the sound beam

A

Rayleigh’s Scatter

43
Q

the beam redirected back to the transducer after striking a media boundary

A

reflected beam

44
Q

redirection (return) of a portion of the sound beam back to the transducer

A

reflection

45
Q

angle between the reflected sound and a line perpendicular to the media boundary

A

reflection angle

46
Q

change in direction of the sound wave after passing from one medium to another

A

refraction

47
Q

redirection of sound in several directions on encountering a rough surface; also known as nonspecular reflections

A

scattering

48
Q

a traveling variation of acoustic variables

A

sound

49
Q

relating to space

A

spatial

50
Q

multiple echoes received at the same time generating interference in the sound wave, resulting in a grainy appearance of the sonogram

A

speckle

51
Q

distance over which a pulse occurs

A

spatial pulse length

52
Q

these comprise the boundaries of organs and reflect sound in only one direction; angular dependent

A

specular reflections

53
Q

these comprise the boundaries of organs and reflect sound in only one direction; angular dependent

A

specular reflections

54
Q

resistance of a material to compression

A

stiffness

55
Q

relating to time

A

temporal

56
Q

the sound beam continuing on to the next media boundary

A

transmitted beam

57
Q

amount of occupied space of an object in three dimensions

A

volume

58
Q

distance (length) of one complete cycle

A

wavelength

59
Q

below 20Hz; below human hearing

A

infrasound

60
Q

Above 20Hz and below 20,000Hz; within human hearing

A

audible sound

61
Q

Above 20,000Hz (20kHz); above human hearing

A

ultrasound

62
Q

Sound waves carry _____ not matter, from one place to another.

A

energy

63
Q 
Give the values and symbol for the following metric prefixes:
Tetra
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deca
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
A 
Tetra = trillion 10^12 = T
Giga = billion 10^9 = G
Mega = million 10^6 = M
Kilo = thousand 10^3 = k
Hecto = hundred 10^2 = h
Deca = ten 10^1 = Da
deci = tenth 10^-1 = d
centi = hundredth 10^-2 = c
milli = thousandth 10^-3 = m
micro = millionth 10^-6 = u (the special looking u)
nano = billionth 10^-9 = n
pico = trillionth 10^-12 = p
64
Q

Whats the propagation speed in soft tissue?

A

1.54mm/us or 1540 m/s

65
Q

in soft tissue what is the attenuation coefficient equal too?

A

half the transducer frequency

66
Q

attenuation happens as a result of?

A

absorption
reflection
scattering

67
Q 
what are the units of the following:
attenuation
attenuation coefficient
density
half value layer
impedance
A 
attenuation = dB
attenuation coefficient = dB/cm
density = kg/m^3
half value layer = cm
impedance = rayls

Sonography Exam Review (6 decks)

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