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Sonography Exam Review > Clinical Safety > Flashcards

Clinical Safety Flashcards

1
Q

Amount of acoustic energy the patient receives

A

acoustic exposure

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2
Q

as low as reasonably achievable; used to reduce biological effects in humans and the fetus

A

ALARA principle

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3
Q

effect of ultrasound waves on living organisms, including their composition, function, growth, origin, development and distribution.

A

biological effect

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4
Q

interaction of the sound wave with microscopic gas bubbles found in tissues

A

cavitation

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5
Q

studies of various factors determining the frequency and distribution of diseases in the human community

A

epidemiology

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6
Q

study of human body at work

A

ergonomic

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7
Q

refers to experimentation done in or on living tissue in an artificial environment outside the organism

A

ex vivo

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8
Q

refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a test tube or, generally, in a controlled environment outside a living organism

A

in vitro

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9
Q

refers to experimentation done in or on the living tissue of a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead one. Animal testing and clinical trials are forms of this research

A

in vivo

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10
Q

describes the likelihood of cavitation occurring

A

mechanical index (MI)

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11
Q

an act passed by congress to assure safe and healthful working conditions

A

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

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12
Q

average intensity throughout the pulse duration

A

pulse average (PA)

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13
Q

force exerted by the sound beam on an absorber or reflector

A

radiation force

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14
Q

average intensity across the entire sound beam

A

spatial average (SA)

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15
Q

peak intensity found across the sound beam

A

spatial peak (SP)

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16
Q

average intensity during the pulse repetition period

A

temporal average (TA)

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17
Q

greatest intensity during the pulse

A

temporal peak (TP)

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18
Q

relates to the heating of tissue

A

thermal index (TI)

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19
Q

relates to heating of bone

A

thermal index for bone (TIB)

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20
Q

relates to heating of cranium

A

thermal index for cranium (TIC)

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21
Q

relates to heating of soft tissue

A

thermal index for soft tissue (TIS)

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22
Q

injuries that are caused or aggravated by workplace activities including injuries of the muscles, tendons and joints

A

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD)

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23
Q

Act passed by congress in 1970 to assure safe and healthful working conditions

A

OSHA

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24
Q

WRMSD involve musculoskeletal disorder symptoms that remain for ___ days or more.

A

7

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25
Q

Greater than 80% of monographers have some form of WRMSD, most common is?

A

Shoulder pain

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26
Q

What are some causes of WRMSD in sonography?

A
  • static work posture
  • awkward scanning posture
  • forceful and repetitive movements
  • prolonged abduction of upper extremity
  • inappropriate monitor height
  • incorrect or continual grip of the transducer
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27
Q

Inflammation of a joint bursa, commonly the shoulder

A

bursitis

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28
Q

Causes of bursitis?

A
  • repetitive motion

- repeated are abduction restricts blood flow to the soft tissues

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29
Q

Entrapment of the median nerve as it runs through the carpal bones of the wrist.

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

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30
Q

Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome

A
  • repeated flexion and extension of the wrist

- mechanical pressure against the wrist

31
Q

Entrapment of the ulnar nerve as it runs throughout the elbow

A

Cubital tunnel syndrome

32
Q

Causes of cubital tunnel syndrome

A
  • repeated twisting of the forearm

- mechanical pressure against the elbow as it rests on the exam table

33
Q

Specific type of tendonitis of the thumb

A

de Quervain’s disease

34
Q

Causes of de Quervains disease

A

repeated gripping of the transducer

35
Q

Inflammation of the periosteum area of the insertion of the biceps tendon into distal humerus.

A

Epicondylitis

36
Q

Causes of Epicondylitis

A

repeated twisting of the forearm

37
Q

Fraying or tearing of the rotator cuff of the shoulder

A

Rotator cuff injury

38
Q

Causes of rotator cuff injury

A
  • repeated arm abduction

- repetitive motion

39
Q

Intervertebral disk degeneration

A

Spinal degeneration

40
Q

Causes of spinal degeneration

A
  • awkward posture

- static postures

41
Q

Inflammation of the tendon and sheath around the tendon

A

tendonitis

42
Q

causes of tendonitis

A
  • repetitive motion

- repeated arm abduction

43
Q

Nerve entrapment that can occur at different levels

A

Thoracic outlet syndrome

44
Q

Causes of thoracic outlet syndrome

A
  • repetitive motion

- awkward postures

45
Q

Inflammation and swelling of the tendon sheath in a finger entraps the tendon and restricts the motion of the finger

A

Trigger finger

46
Q

causes of trigger finger

A

repeated gripping of the transducer

47
Q

causes of trigger finger

A

repeated gripping of the transducer

48
Q

Prevention of injury includes:

A

position table at proper height
eyes even with top of monitor
elbow close to body etc

49
Q

Who regulates ultrasound instruments according to application, output intensities, and thermal and mechanical indexes?

A

FDA (food and drug administration)

50
Q

Who recommends prudent use of ultrasound in the clinical environment by minimizing exposure time and output power?

A

AIUM (american instate of ultrasound medicine)

51
Q

With ALARA principle the ____ must outweigh the risks?

A

benefit

52
Q

Amount of acoustic energy the patient receives in units of s.

A

acoustic exposure

53
Q

power divided by area

units of W/cm^2 or mW/cm^2

A

intensity

54
Q

rate at which work is performed

units of mW

A

Power

55
Q

Force divided by area

units of Pa, MPa, or mm Hg

A

Pressure

56
Q

Spatial Peak (SP)

A
  • greatest intensity across sound beam

- usually located at center of the sound beam

57
Q

Spatial Average (SA)

A
  • average intensity across entire sound beam

- equal to total power across beam divided by beam area

58
Q

Temporal Peak (TP)

A

greatest intensity during pulse

59
Q

Temporal Average (TA)

A
  • average intensity during transmitting and receiving times (Pulse repetition period)
  • equal to the PA intensity X duty factor (DF)
60
Q

Pulse Average (PA)

A
  • average intensity over entire duration of the pulse

- For continuous wave, the pulse average is = to temporal average

61
Q

Spatial Average-Temporal Average (SATA)

A
  • averages spatial and temporal intensities of beam
  • lowest intensity value given for a sound beam
  • intensity measured during both pulse and receiving time
  • heat is the most dependent on SATA intensity
62
Q

Spatial Peak-Temporal Average (SPTA)

A
  • average intensity at center of sound beam
  • used to describe pulse ultrasound intensities and determine biological effects
  • measured during PRP
  • typically higher that SATS values by a factor of 2-3 for unfocused and 5-200 for focused transducers
63
Q

Spatial Average-Pulse Average (SAPA)

A
  • average intensity within beam throughout the duration of pulse
  • measured during pulse duration
64
Q

Spatial Peak-Pulse Average (SPPA)

A
  • Average intensity that occurs during the pulse

- measured during pulse duration

65
Q

Spatial Average-Temporal Peak (SATP)

A

-average intensity within the beam at the highest intensity time

66
Q

Spatial Peak-Temporal Peak (SPTP)

A
  • peak intensity of sound beam in both space and time

- highest intensity value for a given sound beam

67
Q

What has lowest output intensity?

A

imaging instruments

68
Q

What has highest output intensity?

A

Pulsed-wave doppler

69
Q

What has highest output intensity?

A

Pulsed-wave doppler

70
Q

No confirmed significant biological effects in mammalian tissue for exposures below _______ with unfocused transducer and _____ with focused transducer.

A

100mW/cm^2

1 W/cm^2

71
Q

What can increase the risk of cavitation?

A

introduction of bubbles into tissues and circulation from contrast agents

72
Q

Sable Cavitation

A
  • involves micro bubble already present in tissues
  • when presure is applied, micro bubbles will expand and collapse
  • bubbles can intercept and absorb large amount of acoustic energy
73
Q

Transient Cavitation

A
  • dependent on pressure of ultrasound pulse
  • may occur with short pulses
  • bubbles expand and collapse violently
  • pulses with peak intensity greater than 3300 W/cm^2 (10 MPa) can induce cavitation in mammals

Sonography Exam Review (6 decks)

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