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GCSE Science > Physics Paper 2- Major Focus Of Exam > Flashcards

Physics Paper 2- Major Focus Of Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an oscillation?

A

A wave movement up or down.

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2
Q

What direction are oscillations to the direction of energy transfer in a transverse wave?

A

Perpendicular

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3
Q

What direction are oscillations to the direction of energy transfer in longitudinal wave?

A

Parallel

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4
Q

In a longitudinal wave, what are compressions?

A

Where particles are close together

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5
Q

In a longitudinal wave, what are rarefactions?

A

Where particles are spread apart.

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6
Q

What type of wave requires a medium?

A

A longitudinal wave

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7
Q

Do all transverse waves require a medium?

A

No

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8
Q

What is the wavelength of a wave?

A

Distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the adjacent wave

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9
Q

What can the wavelength on a longitudinal wave be from?

A

One compression to another, or one rarefaction to another

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10
Q

What is the frequency of a wave?

A

Number of waves passing a point each second

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11
Q

What is the unit for frequency ?

A

Hertz(Hz)

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12
Q

What’s the equation for frequency?

A

1/time period

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13
Q

What’s the equation?

A

Wave speed=frequency x wavelength

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14
Q

What is the wave speed of a wave?

A

Speed at which a wave moves through a medium

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15
Q

In a practical of the speed of sound in air, what equipment do person a and b have?

A

A has cymbals, B has a timer

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16
Q

Describe the practical of investigating speed of sound in air

A

Person B starts timer when they see person a clash the cymbals.
Person B stops the timer when they hear it.
Measure time taken
Divide the distance they are spectated by the time.

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17
Q

What’s the problems of the practical when investigating speed of sound in air?

A

Time depends on reaction time.

Time is very short, so difficult to stop quickly.

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18
Q

How can the problems in the practical of investigating speed of sound in air be solved?

A

Has more people observing with timers.

Increase distance between each person

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19
Q

What are the 3 ways waves can be transferred?

A

Transmitted
Absorbed
Reflected

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20
Q

What does the action of the wave(absorbed or reflected) depend on?

A

Wavelength and type of material

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21
Q

What is the angle of incidence equal to?

A

Angle of reflection

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22
Q

What equipment is needed when completing the reflection/refraction practical?

A

Ray box,

Lens and slit.

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23
Q

After you complete the practical of reflection and refraction involving a glass block, what do you
Do?

A

Repeat and use a different material

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24
Q

What type of waves are sound waves?

A

Longitudinal

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25
Q

What is the range in Hz of human hearing?

A

20-20,000hz

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26
Q

Why doesn’t the frequency change when a wave changes medium?

A

A wave would have to be created or destroyed

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27
Q

What quality is frequency responsible for?

A

Pitch

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28
Q

What quality is amplitude responsible for?

A

Loudness

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29
Q

Where do sound waves only move?

A

Through a medium

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30
Q

How do sound waves move?

A

By vibrating particles

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31
Q

Why can’t sound waves pass through a vacuum?

A

No particles

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32
Q

What is a reflected sound wave also known as?

A

An echoe

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33
Q

What is the frequency of ultrasound waves?

A

> 20,000Hz

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34
Q

What are ultrasounds partially reflected at a boundary between?

A

2 different densities

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35
Q

What images can ultrasound waves produce?

A

Internal organs and images of the foetus

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36
Q

What can patterns of seismic waves give info about?

A

The Earth’s interior

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37
Q

Are P waves longitudinal or transverse?

A

Longitudinal

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38
Q

Give 2 other differences between P and S waves( besides type of wave)

A

P waves can pass through both solids and liquids, whereas S waves can only travel through solids.
P waves travel faster than S waves in solids.

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39
Q

It is true that S waves are transverse?

A

Yes

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40
Q

What does the S wave shadow zone tell us?

A

No waves are detected by the earths core, therefore it must be liquid as S waves can’t pass through liquids.

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41
Q

What does the P wave shadow zone provide evidence for?

A

That the earth has a liquid core.

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42
Q

How does the P wave shadow zone provide evidence for the earths liquid core?

A

Travel faster in solids and slow down as they enter liquids, seen as they are refracted after passing through the Earths core.

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43
Q

When a wire is carrying a current, what does it experience?

A

A force in a magnetic field

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44
Q

How can we determine the direction of the force?

A

By using Flemings left hand rule

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45
Q

What is a split ring commutator ?

A

A metal ring that switches the direction of current when the loop passes 90 degrees

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46
Q

What do split ring commutators have that allows current onto the ring?

A

Brushes

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47
Q

What makes a motor turn in the clockwise direction?

A

The force

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48
Q

By switching the direction of current, what does the split ring commutator allow the motor to keep?

A

Rotating in the same direction

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49
Q

What is the motor effect?

A

When 2 magnets are placed close to each other and the magnetic fields affect each other and produce a force

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50
Q

What’s the equation for force?

A

Magnetic flux density x current x length

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51
Q

What’s does the equation for force only apply to?

A

A wire that is at right angles to the magnetic field

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52
Q

Unit for magnetic flux density

A

Tesla

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53
Q

In Flemings left hand rule, what does the first finger represent?

A

Magnetic field

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54
Q

In Flemings left hand rule, what does the second finger represent?

A

Direction of current

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55
Q

When will a conductor not experience a force?

A

When it’s parallel to the magnetic field

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56
Q

What’s does the strength of the magnetic field depend on the size of?

A

The current

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57
Q

Besides with a larger current, when is the magnetic field strongest?

A

Closer to the wire

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58
Q

If we change the direction of the current, what else do we change

A

The direction of the magnetic field

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59
Q

What rule do we use to work out the direction of the magnetic field?

A

Right hand grip rule

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60
Q

In the right hand grip rule, what does the thumb represent?

A

Conventional current

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61
Q

How else can we increase the strength of a magnetic field?

A

Coil the wire into a solenoid

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62
Q

When we turn on the current in a solenoid what do we get?

A

A strong and uniform magnetic field

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63
Q

What’s the magnetic field around a solenoid have a similar shape to?

A

The magnetic field around a bar magnet

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64
Q

What are 3 ways we can increase the strength of a magnetic field around a solenoid?

A

Increase current
Increase number of turns of coil
Place iron inside it - core

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65
Q

What’s a solenoid containing an iron core called?

A

An electromagnet

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66
Q

Why are electromagnets useful?

A

We can change the strength of the magnetic field by changing size of current
Can be turned on and off

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67
Q

What are radio waves used for?

A

Transmitting radio and trrrestrial TV signals

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68
Q

Why are radio waves used in transmitting radio signals?

A

They can travel long distances before being absorbed
Can spread out between hills
Reflect off a layer of ions in the atmosphere

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69
Q

What are microwaves used for?

A

Heating food

Communicate with satellites in space

70
Q

Why are microwaves used in heat foods?

A

Foods contain water molecules

Water molecules absorb energy of microwaves

71
Q

Why are microwaves used in communicating with satellites

A

Waves can pass through atmosphere without being reflected or refracted

72
Q

What’s infrared emitted by?

A

Electrical heaters

73
Q

What is infrared used in

A

Cooking food in ovens

Cameras

74
Q

Why is infrared used to cook food in ovens?

A

Energy is easily absorbed by surface of objects

75
Q

What’s a use of visible light?

A

Communication using fibre optics

76
Q

What are optical fibres

A

Thin strands of glass

77
Q

Why are optic fibres useful!

A

Can transmit pulses of light down it to carry information

78
Q

What are optical fibres used to carry?

A

Telephone and cable TV signals

79
Q

Why can visible light carry lots of information?

A

Short wavelength

80
Q

What’s 2 uses of ultraviolet?

A

Energy efficient lightbulbs

Sun tanning

81
Q

Why does UV carry more energy than visible light?

A

Shorter wavelength

82
Q

How is Uv used in lightbulbs?

A

Energy is UV is absorbed by the internal surface of the bulbs and is converted to visible light

83
Q

What does UV increase the risk of?

A

Skin cancer

84
Q

What’s are both x rays and gamma rays used for?

A

Medical imaging

85
Q

What are x rays more specifically used for?

A

Visualising broken bones

86
Q

What can gamma rays detect?

A

Cancers

87
Q

Why are x rays and gamma rays used in medical imaging!

A

They are highly penetrative

88
Q

What type of satellites are moons?

A

Natural

89
Q

What is a galaxy?

A

A massive group of stars

90
Q

Describe how stars like the sun are formed

A

Clouds of dust and gas- nebula
Gravity causes this to collapse- protostar
Temperature rises due to particles moving faster
Hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium= nuclear fusion
=star

91
Q

What do scientists say the sun is in equilibrium?

A

Inward force of gravity is balanced by outward force of fusion

92
Q

What does nuclear fusion release lots of?

A

Energy

93
Q

What happens to stars the same size as the sun?

A

Main sequence
Hydrogen runs out- outward force of fusion is less than inward force of gravity- stars collapses inwards
Helium nuclei fuse to create heavier elements
Expands and Forms a red giant
Fusion stops, star shrinks and forms a white dwarf
This cools down
Stops releasing energy and forms a black dwarf

94
Q

Why does the white dwarf cool down to form a black dwarf?

A

No longer fuses

95
Q

Describe the lifecycle of stars bigger than the sun

A 
Main sequence 
Red super giants
Helium nuclei fuse to produce heavier elements
Stops fusion- explodes as a supernova 
Make elements heavier than iron
Form a neutron star or a black hole
96
Q

Why are elements heavier than iron only produced in a supernova?

A

The temperature is very high

97
Q

What 2 objects can form after a supernova?

A

Neutron star or a black hole

98
Q

What holds the earth in its orbit?

A

Force of gravity acting between the sun and earth

99
Q

How often do geostationary satellites orbit?

A

Once every 24 hours

100
Q

In the case of circular orbits, what does gravity lead to?

A

A change in velocity

101
Q

Why does gravity lead to a change in velocity but not speed?

A

Direction is constantly changing, so velocity is as well as it’s a vector quantity

102
Q

If the speed of a satellite increases, what happens to the radius of its orbit?

A

It decreases

103
Q

Why if the speed is higher, the radius of its radius is lower?

A

At snigger speed, a greater force of gravity is needed to prevent it flying off into space

104
Q

What does red shift tell us?

A

Galaxies are living away from each other

105
Q

What must the light waves be when the galaxies are moving away?

A

Stretched

106
Q

Does galaxies further away have a bigger or smaller red shift?

A

Bigger

107
Q

Why are far galaxies moving faster than galaxies that are closer?

A

They have a bigger red shift

108
Q

What provides evidence that the universe is expanding?

A

Fact that distant galaxies are moving faster than nearby galaxies

109
Q

Where do scientists believe the universe began from?

A

A very small region that’s as hot and dense

110
Q

What could explain why the expansion of the universe is speeding up?

A

Universe contains matter and dark energy we can’t detect

111
Q

What is Newton’s third law of motion?

A

It states when 2 objects interact with each other, they exert an equal and opposite forces on each other

112
Q

What force makes a car move?

A

The driving force

113
Q

What is Newton’s first law of motion?

A

It states if forces acting on an object are balanced, the resultant force is zero or if the object is at rest stays stationary

114
Q

What type of diagram shows the forces acting on an object?

A

Free body

115
Q

What’s Newton’s second law of motion?

A

F=MA

116
Q

Describe how to measure speed of sound in air

A

Set up oscilloscope so rested waves at each microphone are shown as separate waves
Start with both microphones next to speaker, then slowly move one away until the 2 waves are aligned on display
Measure distance between microphones to find wavelength
Find speed using the wave equation

117
Q

Describe how to measure speed of water ripples using a lamp

A

Dim light and turn on lamp- can see wave pattern made by shadows of crests
Measure distance between shadow lines that are 10 wavelengths apart and divide by 10 to find average
Can you wave equation to find speed

118
Q

Why is measuring speed of water ripples using a lamp suitable?

A

Can take a photo of shadow and find distance using a ruler

Don’t have to disturb waves

119
Q

Describe the practical involving ray box

A

Place transparent block on paper and trace around it
Use ray box to shine light at middle of block
Trace incident ray and mark where ray emerges on the other side
Remove block and with a straight line join up the incident and emerging ray to show refracted ray
Draw normal
Use protractor to find angle of incidence and angle between normal and refracted ray
Repeat experiment using blocks of different materials

120
Q

What’s a strength and a weakness of the balloon model

A

As balloon expands, dots get further apart- represent galaxies moving apart
W: dots are only on surface, galaxies are throughout universe
Balloon can pop

121
Q

How can you get accurate magnification values for high distances

A

Use tall

Object

122
Q

How can you show that a magnetic field has been produced around the wire

A

Move a compass around wire, changing direction of compass shows magnetic field has been produced

123
Q

How does the ignition circuit work?

A 
Closing switch causes current to pass through electromagnet 
Iron core becomes magnetised 
Code attracts iron arm
Iron arm pushes the contacts together
Starter motor circuit is complete
Current flows through it
124
Q

Possible source of inaccuracy for ray box practical

A

Width of light ray makes it difficult to judge where centre of ray is

125
Q

Why is light refracted as it crosses from air into glass

A

Velocity of light decreases

126
Q

Why is iron a suitable material for the core of a transformer?

A

It is easily magnetised

127
Q

How can you tell something is a step down transformer based of coils

A

Potential difference across secondary coil is less than the primary coil

128
Q

Why do scientists publish results despite them not being able to explain them

A

Allow peer review

Promote further experiments

129
Q

Explain how a train can accelerate without changing speed

A

Train changes direction so velocity changes, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity

130
Q

What’s braking distance?

A

Distance travelled under the braking force

131
Q

Explain why stopping distance of car increases if driver is very tired

A

Reaction time increases

Increased thinking distance

132
Q

Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with increasing altitude

A

Fewer air molecules
Number of collisions with a surface decreases
Air molecules colliding with a surface create oressure , so
Less oressure

133
Q

Why are windows designed the way they are?

A

Force from air pressure acting from side to outside is bigger than force acting upwards
Keeps window in position

134
Q

Explain how a loudspeaker converts current in an electrical circuit to a sound wave

A

Current in circuit is varying
Current passes through coil
Coil
Experiences a force
Varying current causes coil to vibrate, causing a fine to vibrate
This causes air molecules to move and produces pressure variations in air needed for a sound wave

135
Q

Explain how the structure of the ear allows us to hear noises

A

Sound waves ear drum to vibrate
Nerves are converted into information
Only works at certain frequencies

136
Q

Why doe refraction occur when a wave moves between 2 different mediums

A

Velocity changes when there’s a change in direction

137
Q

Explain the change in pressure as you move away from earth

A

Decrease in pressure
Fewer particles colliding with surface due to fewer particles higher up
Total number of particles contribute to total atmosphere pressure

138
Q

Explain how red shift has supported the theory that universe is expanding and Big Bang was origin of universe

A

Observe distant galaxies moving further away quicker

Universe is expanding from a single point

139
Q

If an object isn’t moving, what’s its momentum

A

0

140
Q

Typical speed off a person walking

A

1.5m/s

141
Q

Running

A

3m/s

142
Q

Cycling

A

6m/s

143
Q

Car

A

25m/s

144
Q

Train

A

55m/s

145
Q

Plane

A

250m/s

146
Q

What do safety devices do to make us safer

A

Slow down rate of change in momentum and reduce forces acting on us

147
Q

Explain why study of seismic waves provides evidence of structure of earths core

A

S waves didnt travel through core and can’t travel through liquid

148
Q

Suggest what student may have done during investigation to cause each angle of reflection to have a range of values

A

Misjudged the centre of ray

149
Q

Why does the velocity of a satellites change as it orbits earth

A

Force of gravity causes it to accelerate
This causes a change in direction, causing velocity
To change

150
Q

Explain why scientists replace an old scientific model with a new model

A

New evidence
Evidence can’t be explained using existing model
New model explains new evidence
Eg nuclear mode of atom replacing plum pudding

151
Q

Explain why refraction happens at a boundary between the deep water and shallower water

A

Velocity is slower in shallower water
So edge of wave entering shallow water slows down
But part of wave in deeper water continues at high speed

152
Q

Explain why wave fronts do not retract at the boundary where they are all parallel

A

Every point on wave hits shallow water at same time so slow down at same time

153
Q

When there’s current in a coil, the current rotates continuously, explain why

A

Sides of cool experience a drive
Force cause moments that act in same direction
2 halves of commutator swap from one brush to other
Commutator reverses current

154
Q

Explain factors that affect distance needed to stop a vehicle in emergency

A

Reaction time- increases thinning distance from drinking alcohol
Speed- increases work down to stop vehicle- affected by condition of roads
Condition of brakes- less friction

155
Q

Danger caused by vehicle having a large deceleration when it’s braking

A

Brakes lock

Loss of control

156
Q

Explain how red shift supports how universe began from small hot dense region

A

Furthest galaxies are moving the fastest, suggesting universe is expandinf

157
Q

What’s inertia

A

Tendency of an object to continue in its state of rest or motion

158
Q

Explain why an egg is less likely to break when dropped onto soft foam rather than onto a concrete floor

A

Foam increases time taken to stop
Decreases rate if change in momentum
Reduces force

159
Q

Explain the changing motion of a skydiver in terms of forces acting on him

A

Initially air resistance is less than weight so he accelerated
Accelerations causes air resistance to increase
Resultant force decreases to 0
Skydiver falls at terminal velocity

160
Q

Explain why jumping from a higher distance allowed the skydiver to reach a higher passed than from a lower distance

A

Higher altitude=less dense air
So air resistance less
Skydiver can accelerate longer before reaching terminal velocity

161
Q

Explain who a microphone works

A

Sound waves cause diaphragm to vibrate
Causes coil to vibrate
Coil moves through magnetic field
Potential difference is induced

162
Q

Describe life cycle of starts bigger than sun

A

Cloud of gas pulled together by gravity
Cussing an increase in temp for fusion to start
A protostar forms
Hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium nuclei and star becomes main sequence
Hydrogen runs out and helium fuse to make heavier elements up to iron
Start expands to become a red supergiant
It collapses and explodes in a supernova
This leaves behind a neutron star or black hole

163
Q

Which property of a stat does range of wavelengths depend on

A

Temperature

164
Q

Explain why using a wider ray would give elsss accurate results than using a narrower ray

A

Harder to judge centre of ray

Causing a larger uncertainty

165
Q

What property of a light wave changes when it’s refracted

A

Velocity

166
Q

Explain how protective pads help to reduce injury when players collide

A

Increase time taken to stop
Rate of change of momentum decreases
Reduced forcr

167
Q

Why do cars have maximum speed

A

Maximum forward force provided by motor
As speed of car increases, air resistance increases
Until air resistance is equal to forward force
Car no longer can accelerste

168
Q

Why is an alternating current induced in a coil

A

Coil cuts magnetic field lines
Pd is induced
There’s a complete circuit so current is induced
Every half turn the pd reversed direction
So current changes direction

169
Q

Why does applying brakes cause the temperature of the brakes to increase

A

Work done by friction between brake and wheeels

Decrease on Ke and increase in thermal eneegy

170
Q

Factors affecting thinking distance

A

Tiredness

Alcohol drugs

171
Q

Factors affecting risking distance

A

Road surface
Condition of brakes
Tyres

172
Q

How can you test if a spring behaves elasticslly

A

Remove force

Returns to original shake and kength

GCSE Science (8 decks)

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