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GCSE Science > Physics Paper 1- Major Focus Of Exam > Flashcards

Physics Paper 1- Major Focus Of Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy stored in moving objects

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2
Q

Do stationary objects have kinetic energy?

A

No

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3
Q

What’s the equation to calculate kinetic energy?

A

1/2 mass x velocity squared

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4
Q

What are the energy changes taking place in a car travelling at constant speed?

A

Chemical energy in petrol- kinetic energy store

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5
Q

What type of energy is a stretched spring storing?

A

Elastic potential energy

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6
Q

What is the force directly proportional to?

A

The extension of a spring

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7
Q

When the graph of force vs extension, when the graph no longer has a constant gradient, what do we call it!

A

The limit of proptionalott

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8
Q

What’s the equation for elastic potential energy?

A

1/2 x spring constant x extension

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9
Q

What’s the unit for spring constant?

A

N/m

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10
Q

What’s the unit for extension?

A

Metres

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11
Q

What is gravitational potential energy?

A

Energy stores in an object due to its position above the earths surface

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12
Q

What are the energy transfers when I lift a tennis ball from the ground to a shelf?

A

Chemical store in my muscles- GPE store of the ball

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13
Q

What’s the equation for GPE?

A

Mass x g x height

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14
Q

What’s the unit for gravitational field strength?

A

N/kg

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15
Q

What’s the unit for mass?

A

Kg

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16
Q

What is the specific heat capacity of a substance?

A

Energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1 degree

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17
Q

What’s the equation for specific what capacity?

A

Energy/mass x change in temp

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18
Q

What’s the unit for specific heat capacity?

A

J/kgoC

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19
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

Energy stored due to an objects temperature

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20
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but cannot be created or destroyed

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21
Q

In a closed system, can energy enter or leave?

A

No

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22
Q

On a pendulum, when the mass swings from a fixed point, what are the energy transfers?

A

GPE- KE-GPE

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23
Q

Why is there maximum kinetic energy at the bottom of the pendulum?

A

Because that’s when it is travelling the fastest

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24
Q

What’s a problem with energy transfer in a pendulum ?

A

Haven’t considered friction

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25
Q

What does friction cause?

A

Energy to be transferred to thermal energy

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26
Q

How can we reduce unwanted energy transfer?

A

By reducing friction

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27
Q

On a pendulum, how can friction be reduced?

A

Use a lubricant on the fixed point

Remove air particles around

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28
Q

What’s the energy transfers in a bungee jumper?

A

GPE- KE-Elastic-KE-GPE

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29
Q

When is the kinetic energy store of a bungee jumper 0

A

When the rope is fully extended

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30
Q

When is the KE of a bungee jumper at its maximum?

A

When rope starts to tighten

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31
Q

Why does a bungee jumper never return back to their original position?

A

Energy is dissipated as thermal energy

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32
Q

Why is energy dissipated as thermal energy for a bungee jumper?

A

Friction with air particles

Stretching effects on the rope which isn’t fully elastic

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33
Q

When is work done?

A

When energy is transferred from one store to another

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34
Q

What does mechanical work involve?

A

Using a force to move

An object

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35
Q

What does electrical work involve ?

A

A current transferring energy

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36
Q

What’s the equation for work done?

A

Force x distance

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37
Q

What’s the unit of force?

A

N

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38
Q

How does a car slow down(energy stores)

A

Kinetic energy store of car is transferring to thermal store in the brakes as the brakes press against the wheel- temperature of brakes increses

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39
Q

What’s the equation for power?

A

Energy transferred or work done/time

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40
Q

What’s the equation for efficiency?

A

Useful output energy transfer/ total input energy transfer

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41
Q

What using the equation for efficiency, what can energy be replaced with ?

A

Power

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42
Q

What are the 2 ways we can leave our answer for efficiency?

A

As a decimal or as a percentage %

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43
Q

How can we increase efficiency for a kettle?

A

Use a pan with a wider base

Use a lid

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44
Q

What’s an issue of using a pan to heat water?

A

Energy is often used to heat the base of the pan itself

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45
Q

How can be counter the issue of heating water in a pan?

A

Place the heating element in the water

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46
Q

What type of walls do kettles often have to make them for efficient?

A

Plastic walls

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47
Q

Finish the sentence, the higher the thermal conductivity of a material, the___

A

Higher the rate of energy transfer by conduction

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48
Q

What can we pack the wall cavity with to reduce energy transfer?

A

With an insulating material which has a low thermal conductivity

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49
Q

Besides the walls, where else can thermal energy escape from?

A

The windows

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50
Q

Why do most houses now have double glazed windows?

A

They have a low thermal conductivity

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51
Q

What are 2 ways we can reduce thermal energy transfer from a house?

A

Construct buildings using low thermal conductivity materials
Built houses with thick walls

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52
Q

Describe the practical

Of investigating the effectiveness of different thermal insulators

A

Place small beaker inside a large beaker
Use kettle to boil water
Transfer 80cm3 of water into small beaker
Use cardboard as a lid for large beaker
Place thermometer through hole in lid
Record starting temp of water and start stopwatch
Record temp of water every 3 mins for
15 mins
Repeat but use a range of insulating materials

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53
Q

What are 3 control variables for the thermal insulating experiment?

A

Same volume of hot water
Same mass of insulating material
Same starting temperature of water

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54
Q

What’s the independent variable in the thermal

Insulating practical

A

The insulating material

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55
Q

What’s the dependent variable in the thermal insulating practical?

A

Temperature

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56
Q

How can we show our results for the thermal insulating practical?

A

Make a table

Plot a cooling graph

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57
Q

What else can we investigate besides the effectiveness of different toes of insulating material?

A

How thickness of the material affects insulation

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58
Q

What’s the independent variable when measuring how thickness of
Material affects cooling?

A

Thickness /layers of material

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59
Q

What’s the equation for power?

A

Power=pd x current

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60
Q

What’s another equation for power involving current and resistance?

A

Poee= current squared x resistance

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61
Q

What’s the equation for charge?

A

Current x tkme

62
Q

What’s an equation for energy transferred?

A

Charge x pd

63
Q

Describe the energy transfers in a blender and a fan

A

Electrical energy- kinetic energy of

Motors

64
Q

Describe the energy transfer taking place in an iron and a kettle

A

Electrical energy- thermal energy

65
Q

Describe the energy transfers taking place in a hair dryer and a washing machine

A

Electrical

Energy- kinetic energy of motors+ thermal energy

66
Q

Do appliance designed to generate thermal energy, usually have a lower or high power rating than others?

A

Higher

67
Q

What is power?

A

Rate at which energy is transferred

68
Q

What’s the equation for energy?

A

Power x time

69
Q

What’s the unit for time?

A

Seconds

70
Q

What does the national

Grid consist of?

A

A system of transformers and high voltage cables

71
Q

What’s the pathways of electricity from power stations to

Homes ?

A

Step up transformer- high voltage cables- step down transformer

72
Q

What’s a problem with getting electricity to homes via wires?

A

Energy is always lost due to the resistance of the wires

73
Q

How can we reduce energy loss in high voltage cables in the national grid and thus make it more efficient?

A

Build Power stations near to
Homes
Use transformers

74
Q

What does step up transformers do?

A

Increase the potential difference

75
Q

Why do we use high pd in cables?

A

Less energy is lost

76
Q

What do step down transformers do?

A

Reduce the potential difference to

Around 230V

77
Q

Why do we use step down transformers?

A

Reduce pd before electricity passes to homes- safer

78
Q

In a solids, how are particles arranged/can they move?

A

Particles are close together in a regular pattern

They can’t move, they only vibrate

79
Q

Can particles in a liquid move around each other?

A

Yes

80
Q

In a gas, are particles

Moving slow or very fast?

A

Very fast

81
Q

What’s the density of a material?

A

Mass for a given volume

82
Q

What’s the equation for density?

A

Mass/volume

83
Q

Do solids have a high or low density?

A

High

84
Q

Why are solids very dense?

A

Because particles are packed closely together

85
Q

Do liquids tend to have a low or high density?

A

High density

86
Q

Does polystyrene have a low or high density?

A

Low density

87
Q

Why does polystyrene have a low density?

A

Very open structure and is full of air spaces

88
Q

How can we measure the density of a regular object?

A

Measure dimensions using a ruler to calculate volume
Determine mass using a balance
M/v

89
Q

How can we measure the volume of an irregular object?

A

Fill eureka can with water
Place object into water
Measure volume of water displaced from the spout using a measuring cylinder
=volume of object

90
Q

What types of energy can particles have

A

Kinetic and potential

91
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy stored in intermolecular forces and chemical bonds

92
Q

What’s the equation for internal energy?

A

Kinetic+ potential energy

93
Q

If we heat a solid/liquid, do we increase or decrease the internal energy?

A

Increase

94
Q

Does cooling reduce internal energy?

A

Yes

95
Q

What is internal energy?

A

Total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles

96
Q

When changes of state take place, what happens to the mass?

A

It stays the same- mass is conserved

97
Q

Are changes of state physical or chemical changes?

A

Physical

98
Q

What does it mean when we define changes of state as physical changes?

A

If we reverse the change, the material recovers it’s original properties

99
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When a liquid changes to a gas on the SURFACE of a liquid

100
Q

When the line plateaus on a heat/cooling graph, what does this mean?

A

The substance is changing state, temperature isn’t changing

101
Q

How can a substance change from a solid to liquid when temperature increases?

A

Energy weakens/breaks the forces of attraction

102
Q

What is latent heat?

A

Energy needed for a substance to change state

103
Q

During a change of state, what are we increasing and keeping the same?

A

Increasing internal energy

Controlling temperature

104
Q

Does a cooling graph have a positive or negative gradient?

A

Negative

105
Q

What are the changes of state in a hearing graph?

A

Melting and boiling

106
Q

What are the changes of state in a cooling graph?

A

Condensation and freezing

107
Q

What’s the detailed definition of specific latent heat?

A

Amount of energy required to change the state of 1kg of the substance with no change in temperature

108
Q

What change of state does specific latent heat of fusion refer to?

A

Solid to liquid

109
Q

What change of state does the specific latent heat of vaporisation refer to?

A

Liquid to vapour(gas)

110
Q

What’s the equation for specific latent heat?

A

Energy/mass

111
Q

Complete the equation, energy lost from the GPE store=

A

Energy gained in the kinetic energy store

112
Q

What causes a car to slow down?

A

Friction between a cars brakes and its wheels doing work

113
Q

Describe the energy transfers that occur when the wind causes a windmill to spin

A

Energy is transferred mechanically from the kinetic energy store of the wind to the kinetic energy store of the windmill

114
Q

Describe the practical to investigate the effectiveness of different insulators

A
  1. Boil water in kettle and transfer to sealable container
  2. Use thermometer to measure the initial temperature of water
  3. Seal container and leave for 5 mins- measure time using a stopwatch
  4. Remove lid and measure final temperature of water
  5. Pour away water and allow container to cool to room temperature
  6. Repeat experiment but with container in a different material
115
Q

What’s a control variables of the thermal insulator practical?

A

Same mass of water
Initial temperature of water
Container

116
Q

Describe energy transfers that occur when a car collided with a stationary object

A

Normal contact force between car and object does work, causing energy to be transferred from cars kinetic energy store to other energy stores

117
Q

Why doesn’t the equation for elastic potential energy work for all values for extension of springs?

A

Equation only works if spring hasn’t exceeded limit of proportionality

118
Q

Why isn’t wave power considered reliable?

A

Depends on water waves which vary due to winds

119
Q

Why are fossil fuels reliable?

A

Enough of them to meet current demand

120
Q

Why at a bottom of a slide do all riders and their sleds have approximately the same speed?

A

Energy gained in kinetic store= energy lost in gravitation store, so Ek=GPE
Mass cancels out in both equations
Speeds only depends on height
Only varies due to air resistance

121
Q

As a person moves down a zip wire her increase in kinetic energy is less than her decrease in GPE, why?

A

Work is done against air resistance

Causes thermal energy to be transferrred to surroundings

122
Q

Why do different people have different speeds at the end of the zip wire?

A

People have different masses
Affected by air resistance differently
People have different terminal velocity

123
Q

Give 2 advantages of using data loggers and temperature probes compared to a thermometer

A

Higher resolution

Takes readings automatically

124
Q

Explain how evaporation of a liquid causes teneprature if remaining liquid to decrease

A

Particles with most energy leave surface of liquid

Reduced average kinetic energy of remaining particles

125
Q

Advantage of radioactive waste having a shorter half life

A

Activity decreases quickly

Risk of harm decreases quickly

126
Q

Explain what type of error would be caused if the students eye was not in the line with the level of the liquid in the tube

A

Random error

Eye position not same each time

127
Q

Why does the internal energy of the air increase as the tyre is inflated

A

Work is done on the air

Temperature of air increases

128
Q

Explain how a zero error can be corrected

A

Record value of zero error with no object

Subtract value of zero error

129
Q

Describe a method to investigate temp decrease with diff layers of newspaper

A 
Heat water with kettle 
Measure vol of water using measuring cylinder
Transfer to metal can
Measure initial temp
Use stopwatch to time 5 mins
Measure final temp
Calculate temp difference
Repeat with diff layers of newspaper
Control variables=
Initial temperature and vol of water
130
Q

Describe how energy is generated in a hydroelectric power station

A

Water moves form high to low
GPE goes to KE
Water rotates turbine to turn a generator
Transfer KE to electrical energy

131
Q

Describe how to measure the volume of an irregular object

A

Fill eureka can with water
Water level with spout
Place object in water
Collect displaced water and measure the volume using a measuring cylinder

132
Q

What’s a potential improvement for the insulator practical?

A

Use a cardboard lid and cut a hole for the thermometer

133
Q

Does current increase or fevered when resistance decreases

A

Decreases

134
Q

Explain why the resistance of a filament bulb changes as the current through it is increased

A

As current increases, filament gets hotter.

Because temeprature rises, resistance increases

135
Q

Why is a radioactive isotope that emits alpha radiation not suitable for use as a tracer?

A

Lowly penetrating so can’t pass in or out of the human body

136
Q

Why does a half life of 6 hours suitable for use as a tracer?

A

Allows sufficient time to conduct investigation whilst not being in the patients body for long

137
Q

Explain why a patient that ‘emits’ beta and gamma radiation should be isolated

A

Patient s body is contaminated

Beta and gamma are highly penetrating so can pass into other people and there’s a risk of harm

138
Q

Describe what must happen for a chain reaction to become established in a sample of uranium

A

Free neutrons shoddiness by uranium nucleus
Undergoes fission
Releases neutrons

139
Q

Why is the specific heat capacity larger in a substance in solid state than liquid

A

Because temperature rise is smaller in a solid

140
Q

Why do you wear polythene gloves when handling radioactive materials?

A

Prevent contamination and this any potential long lasting damage

141
Q

Explain is energy release by the chain reaction is affected by moving the control rods

A

Lowering the control rods increases neutrons absorbed, lowering the energy released

142
Q

Why would an electrician receive an electric shock if he touches the live wire

A

Pd of live wire is 230V and his pd is 0V

So large pd difference, so current passes through his body

143
Q

Why it this is a good model for the random nature of radioactive decay

A

Can’t predict which dice will decay

Can’t predict when

144
Q

Why would a student less likely receive an electric chock if he walks on thin copper wires in a carpet

A

Copper has low resistance, so a lower build up of charge

145
Q

How does cycling uphill affect the maximum speed of a cyclist

A

Maximum speed is lower
Because maximum power output is constant
But gravitational potential energy is increded

146
Q

What does energy efficient mean?

A

Higher period energy input is usefully transferred

147
Q

Why does a smoke work sketch on when smoke particles enter the plastic casing?

A

Smoke

Absorbs alpha radiation

148
Q

Why would a smoke alarm not work with a radiation source that emits beta or gamma?

A

It will penetrate smoke, so no change is detected

149
Q

Explain the ideal properties of a radioactive source for use in medical diagnosis

A

Low ionising
Short half life
Highly penetrating-easily pass through body
Emits gamma

150
Q

Describe the effect on lower output when wind speed is halved

A

Mass decreases by a halve
Wind speed also decreases by a halve, so kinetic energy is deceresed by factor of 4
So kinetic energy deceresed by factor of 8

GCSE Science (8 decks)

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