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GCSE Science > Biology Paper 1- Main Focus Of Exam > Flashcards

Biology Paper 1- Main Focus Of Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotes

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2
Q

What is an example of a prokaryote?

A

A bacterial cell

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3
Q

Where does a prokaryote store it’s genetic material?

A

In a single loop

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4
Q

What are 2 similarities in terms of sub- cellular structures, between prokaryotes and eukaryotes ?

A

They both have a cell membrane and cytoplasm

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5
Q

Do prokaryotes have plasmids?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Are prokaryotes or eukaryotes bigger?

A

Eukaryotes

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7
Q

By how much is every order of magnitude than the one before?

A

10X

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8
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Function of protein synthesis

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9
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Controls activities and enclosed genetic material

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10
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Site of chemical reactions

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11
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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12
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Respiration site

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13
Q

Which sub- cellular structures can only be seen through an electron microscope?

A

Mitochondria and ribosomes

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14
Q

Are ribosomes smaller than mitochondria?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Why type of shape do plant cells have?

A

Regular

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16
Q

Give 3 differences in terms of sub- cellular structures , between plant and animal cells

A

Plant cells have chloroplasts
Plant cells have a permanent vacuole
Plant cells have a cell wall

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17
Q

What does differentiation mean?

A

When cells become specialised

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18
Q

What is the job of a sperm cell?

A

Fertilise an egg cell

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19
Q

Give 3 features of a sperm cell

A

Head
Tail
Acrosome

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20
Q

What does the acrosome adaptation of a sperm cell give the cell?

A

Contains digestive enzymes needed to penetrate the egg cell

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21
Q

What does the head of a sperm cell contain?

A

Genetic info in its nucleus

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22
Q

What does a long tail give the sperm cell?

A

Used for cell motion and streamlined to swim to the ovum

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23
Q

Why is the middle section of a sperm cell filled with mitochondria?

A

Give it energy to swim to the ovum

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24
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

Send electrical impulses around the body

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25
Q

What does a long axon bring to the nerve cell?

A

Increases the distance for impulses to be carried

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26
Q

What does the myelin sheath act as?

A

An insulator- preventing any nerve signals leaking, increasing wooed of transmission

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27
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Increase surface area and can connect to other nerve cells

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28
Q

What are muscle cells used for?

A

Contraction

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29
Q

What are 2 adaptations of a muscle cell?

A

Protein fibres

Mitochondria

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30
Q

What do proteins fibres bring to the muscle cell

A

Can change length

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31
Q

How is a muscle cell being packed with mitochondria an advantage?

A

Provide lots of energy for contraction

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32
Q

Give 3 adaptations of root hair cells

A

Hairs
Long projections
No chloroplasts

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33
Q

What do hairs on a root hair cell increase ?

A

Increases surface area for absorption

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34
Q

Why is having no chloroplasts relevant for a root hair cell?

A

It’s underground, so doesn’t photosynthesis

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35
Q

What do long projections bring to the root hair cell?

A

Increase surface area, therefore increase rate of absorption

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36
Q

Where are xylem cells found in a plant?

A

In the stwm

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37
Q

What do xylem cells transport?

A

Water and dissolved minerals

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38
Q

Give 2 adaptations of a xylem cell

A

Walls containing lignin

End walls broken

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39
Q

Why is login in an advantage for xylem cells?

A

Strengthens cell wall

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40
Q

What is having broken end walls advantageous for xylem cells?

A

Creates a long tube where water can flow through easily

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41
Q

Why sub cellular structures do xylem cells not have?

A

A nucleus, cytoplasm,
Vacuole
Or
Chloroplasts

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42
Q

What do phloem cells carry?

A

Dissolved sugars up and down the plant

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43
Q

Give 3 adaptations of phloem cells

A

Phloem vessel cell has no nucleus
End walls of vessel cells have pores
Companion cell has mitochondria

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44
Q

Why is the vessel cell having no nucleus and it’s end walls having pores advantageous?

A

Sieve plates, so

Sugar can move

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45
Q

Describe how you can observe a slide with a microscope

A

Place slide on stage
-use clips to hold in place
Select lowest power objective lens
- slowly turn coarse dial until it almost touches
Look down through eyepiece
-slowly turn coarse dial- increases distance r between lens and slide
Use fine dial to bring cells into clear focus

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46
Q

What is total magnification?

A

Eyepiece lens mag X objective lens mag

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47
Q

What are 2 Advantages of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

A

Higher resolution

Higher magnification

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48
Q

What is 2 advantages of light microscopes compared to electron microscopes?

A

Can see living cells

Cheaper

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49
Q

What’s the equation for magnification?

A

Image size/actual size

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50
Q

Why do we use a low objective lens first?

A

Gives a bigger field of view and it is then easier to focus

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51
Q

how do bacteria multiply?

A

By binary fission- simple cell division

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52
Q

How often can bacteria carry out binary fission?

A

Every twenty minutes as long as they have enough nutrients and the temperature is suitable

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53
Q

What’s diffusion?

A

Spreading out of particles in a bet movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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54
Q

How does oxygen diffuse?

A

From the lungs to bloodstream

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55
Q

How does urea diffuse?

A

Diffuse out of cells in blood

Plasma

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56
Q

What factors affect diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area

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57
Q

How does an increasing temperature increase the rate of diffusion?

A

Particles gain kinetic energy, so move faster

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58
Q

As organisms get larger, what happens to the surface area to volume ratio?

A

Decreases

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59
Q

How do fish gain oxygen?

A

Water passes into mouth, and flows over gills

The oxygen in the water is transported into the bloodstream

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60
Q

What are gills covered with that enable gases to pass in and out of the blood?

A

Fine filaments

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61
Q

What type of blood passes into the filament?

A

Deoxygenated blood

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62
Q

What are adaptations of fish filaments?

A

Huge surface area
Thin membrane
Rich blood supply

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63
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water from a dilute to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

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64
Q

What type of memebrane does osmosis require?

A

Partially permeable

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65
Q

What does a partially permeable membrane allow through?

A

Some smaller molecules(water) but not larger molecules(sugar)

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66
Q

Is the cytoplasm of cells relatively concentrated or dilute?

A

Concentrated

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67
Q

If we place an animal cell in a very concentrated solution, what will happen?

A

Water will move out by osmosis and the cell will shrink

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68
Q

If we place the cell in water, where will water move?

A

Outside to inside

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69
Q

What could happen to the cell when water moves in?

A

Expand and even burst

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70
Q

What happens when water moves into a plant cell?

A

Cell becomes turgid

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71
Q

Why doesn’t the plant cell burst when water enters it?

A

The cell wall prevents it

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72
Q

When water moves out a plant cell, what harkens you the cell?

A

It becomes flaccid

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73
Q

In the practical when investigating osmosis, why do we peel the potato?

A

Because the skin can affect osmosis

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74
Q

What do we add to the test tubes?

A

10cm3 of sugar solution at different concentrations(0.5,0.25etc)

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75
Q

Why do we use a test tube with distilled water?

A

Contains no dissolved ions that could affect osmosis

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76
Q

How do

We remove surface moisture when remove the potato cylinders?

A

Roll them on paper towl

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77
Q

How can we determine the concentration of sugar solution?

A

Plot a percentage change graph and find the value when the line crosses the x axis at 0%

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78
Q

Describe the potato practical

A

Peel potatoes
Use cork borer to produce 3 cylinder of potato
Use a scalpel to trim cylinders to same length
Measure length and mass
of each cylinder
Add 10cm3 of varying concentration into cylinder into a test tube
Remove and gentle roll on paper towel
Measure length and mass again

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79
Q

What is an independent variable in the potato practical?

A

Concentration of sugar solution

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80
Q

What is active transport?

A

Move substances from low to high concentration
Against concentration gradient
Requiring energy

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81
Q

Compare diffusion and active transport

A

In diffusion, particles move down the concentration gradient, whereas in active transport, particles move against it
Active transport requires energy from respiration, diffusion doesnt

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82
Q

Give 2 examples of active transport

A

Lumen of small intestine

Move ions into root hair cell from soil

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83
Q

What do root hair cells and lumen of small intestine have to provide it with energy for active transport?

A

Mitochondria

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84
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Groups of cells with a similar structure performing a specific function

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85
Q

Why do molecules like carbohydrates, protein and lipids have to be digested?

A

Because they are too large to be absorbed into the blood stream

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86
Q

What happens during digestion?

A

Large food molecules are broken down into small molecules by enzymes

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87
Q

What does the stomach contain that helps

Enzymes?

A

Hydrochloride acid to help digest proteins

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88
Q

What action of the stomach turns food into a fluid that increase surface area for enzymes to digest?

A

Churning

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89
Q

Describe the steps into digestion

A

Food chewed in mouth
Enzymes digest starch intk small sugar molecules
Pass into stomach- digest proteins
Stomach churns the food- turning it to a fluid
Fluid flows into small intestine - chemicals released from liver and pancreas
Pancreas releases enzymes- start digestion of lipids

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90
Q

What does bile dk?

A

Emulsifies fats and neutralises acid from stomach

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91
Q

Function of stomach

A

Contains HcL to help enzymes digest proteins

Churns food into a fluid

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92
Q

Function of pancreas in digestion

A

Release enzymes to

Digest starch and proteins and begin to digest lipids

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93
Q

Function of liver

A

Release bile and chemicals into small intestine

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94
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Absorb excess water

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95
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Large proteins that are biological catalysts

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96
Q

Why are enzymes specific ?

A

Substrate must fit perfectly into active site

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97
Q

Where do we find protease?

A

Stomach pancreas small intestine

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98
Q

When we digest proteins ,what does protease do?

A

Convert proteins into amino acids

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99
Q

What does amylase break down?

A

Starch

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100
Q

What do we produce when starch is digested?

A

Simple sugars

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101
Q

Where is amylase found?

A

Saliva and pancreas

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102
Q

What does a like
Molecules
Consist of?

A

A molecule of glycerol attached to 3 molecules of fatty acids

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103
Q

What are lipids digested by?

A

Lipase

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104
Q

Where do we find lipase?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

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105
Q

Why does enzyme activity increase when temperature increases?

A

Enzyme and substrate are moving faster so there are more collisions per second between the substrate and active site

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106
Q

What’s the name of the temperature when enzyme rate is maximal?

A

Optimum temperature

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107
Q

Why do enzymes denature at a very high temperature?

A

Enzyme molecules vibrates and shape of active site changes, so substrate no longer fits

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108
Q

Besides temperature, what other factor can affect enzyme activity?

A

pH

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109
Q

Describe how we carry out a food test

A

Take food sample and grind with distilled water using a mortar and pestle
Transfer paste to beaker and add more water- chemicals in food can dissolve
Filter solution - remove suspended particles

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110
Q

Describe how to test for starch, including a colour change

A

Add few drops of iodine

It will go blue-black

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111
Q

Describe how we test for sugars

A

Add 10Drops of Benedict’s solution into test tube
Place test tube into beaker and half fill with hot water
If sugars are present it could go brick red(if lots of sugars)

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112
Q

Describe how to test for proteins

A

Add 2cm3 of bitter solution

If protein present, if will go blue- purple

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113
Q

Unlike the other tests, what DONT we do for lipids?

A

Filter the solution

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114
Q

Why don’t we filter the solution when testing for lipids!

A

Lipid molecules can stick to filter paper

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115
Q

Describe how to test for lipids?

A

Add few drops of distilled water and ethanol
Gently shake solution
If lipids are present, a milky layer will form

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116
Q

What’s a safety concern for testing for lipids?

A

Make sure no naked flames are present as ethanol is flammable

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117
Q

What’s some adaptations of the small intestine?

A

Very long
Has villi
Villi have a rich blood supply
Thin membrane

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118
Q

Why is the small intestine very long?

A

Provide a large surface area for absorption

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119
Q

Why is the interior of the small intestine covered with villi?

A

Increase surface area for absorption and have microvilli
Rich blood supply- increases concentration gradient
Thin membrane- short diffusion distance

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120
Q

What’s the problem of a single circulatory system?

A

Blood loses pressure

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121
Q

What type of circulatory system do humans have?

A

Double

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122
Q

What does a double circulatory system mean?

A

Passes through the heart twice on each circuit

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123
Q

What’s the benefit of having a double circulatory system?

A

Blood can travel rapidly- deliver oxygen faster to cells

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124
Q

What does the vena cava bring?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the body

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125
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

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126
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood to the heart

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127
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Pump oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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128
Q

Describe the pathway of blood

A

Vena cava- right atrium - ventricles- ventricles contract and force blood to pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary vein- left atrium- left ventricle - aorta- body

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129
Q

What do valves prevent?

A

The back flow of blood

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130
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have a thicker muscular wall than the right side?

A

Contracts to pump blood to rest of body

131
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Provide oxygen to muscle cells in heart

132
Q

What is the resting heart rate controlled by?

A

Group of cells in right atrium / pacemaker

133
Q

Do arteries carry high or low pressure from the heart?

A

High pressure

134
Q

What’s some adaptations of arteries?

A

Thicker muscular walls- withstands high pressure blood

Elastic fibres- stretch and change length when blood passes through

135
Q

What’s some adaptations of capillaries?

A

Thin walls- short diffusion distance

Rich blood supply- steep concentration gradient

136
Q

What’s some adaptations of veins?

A

Valves- prevent back flow of blood
Thin wall- low pressure
Wide lumen- low pressure blood

137
Q

Are cardiovascular diseases communicable?

A

No, they are non- communicable

138
Q

In coronary heart disease, what builds up inside the coronary arteries?

A

Layers of fatty material

139
Q

What does the build up of fatty deposit in the coronary arteries cause?

A

Then to narrow and thus reduce blood flow through the arteries- lack of oxygen to heart- heart attack

140
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs which reduce the level of cholesterol levels in the blood

141
Q

What does reduced chlorestrol levels slow down?

A

Rate that fatty materials build up in the arteries

142
Q

What are 2 advantages of statins(besides reducing Cholesterol levels)?

A

Reduce strokes

Effective

143
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of statins?

A

Unwanted side effects

Drugs must be taken regularly

144
Q

What is a stent?

A

A tube inserted into the artery to keep it open

145
Q

What’s an advantage of inserting a stent?

A

Blood can flow normally

146
Q

What are some advantages of stents?

A

No anaesthetic
Cheap
Doesn’t corrode

147
Q

What are some disadvantages of stents?

A

Irritate lining of blood vessel

Need to take anti-cougulant drugs

148
Q

What can leaky valves cause the patient to feel?

A

Weak and tired

149
Q

What are 2 types of valves we can use to replace leaky valves?

A

Mechanical and biological

150
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of a mechanical valve?

A

Last a lifetime

Increase risk of blood clot

151
Q

What’s an advantage and disadvantage of biological valves?

A

Don’t need to take drugs

Often need to be replaced

152
Q

What’s some disadvantages of having a donor heart if your heart is failing?

A

Shortage of donors

Patient must take anti rejection drugs

153
Q

What do artificial hearts increase the risk of?

A

Risk of blood clotting

154
Q

What does the trachea contain to prevent it collapsing?

A

Rings of cartilage

155
Q

What are alveoli the sites of?

A

Gas exchange

156
Q

What’s some adaptations of alveoli?

A

Huge surface area
Thin membrane
Rich blood supply

157
Q

What’s an example of a communicable disease?

A

Measles

158
Q

Where can communicable diseases be spread from?

A

Person to person

159
Q

What are communicable diseases spread by?

A

Pathogens

160
Q

What’s the definition of health?

A

State of physical and mental well being

161
Q

What’s a risk factor for lung cancer?

A

Smoking

162
Q

Does a correlation prove a cause?

A

No

163
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Chemicals that damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer

164
Q

What’s an issue of epidermiology?

A

Sampling could be biased

165
Q

How can we solve the problem of sampling?

A

Take a larger sample+ make it random

166
Q

What are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

High fat diet
High salt diet
Smoking

167
Q

What does a high fat diet increase?

A

Levels of cholesterol- increases fatty material build up

168
Q

What do a high salt diet increase?

A

Blood pressure

169
Q

What is the main risk factor for lung cancer?

A

Smoking

170
Q

Why can smoking cause lung cancer?

A

Smoke contains carcinogens

171
Q

What can smoking when pregnant cause?

A

Miscarriage and premature birth

172
Q

What can drinking alcohol when pregnant cause?

A

Feral alcohol syndrome- physical problems

173
Q

Adults who drink alcohol excessively increase their risk of what?

A

Liver cirrhosis and cancer

Affect brain- memory loss

174
Q

What’s the main risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity

175
Q

What’s an environmental factor that increase your risk on developing lung cancer?

A

Exposure to radon gas

176
Q

What cells make up the top and bottom of a cross section of a leaf?

A

Epidermal cells

177
Q

What’s the role of the epidermis?

A

Protect surface of leaf

178
Q

What’s are 2 adaptations of the upper epidermis and why is it that way?

A

Transparent- allow light to pass through to photosynthetic cells below
Covered with a waxy cuticle- reduces water loss

179
Q

What does the lower epidermis have?

A

Stomata

180
Q

What do stomata allow?

A

Carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to leave the leaf

181
Q

Besides the exchange of gases, what else can stomata control?

A

Water vapour passing out of leaf

182
Q

What’s under the upper epidermis?

A

Palisade mesophyll

183
Q

What’s an adaptation for the palisade mesophyll that allows it to carry out its function ?

A

Packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis

184
Q

What’s an adaptation of the spongy mesophyll?

A

Full of air spaces- allow carbon dioxide to diffuse from stomata to
Palisade cells

185
Q

What’s the main function of the spongy mesophyll?

A

Diffusion

186
Q

What’s translocation?

A

Movement of sugars through the phloem tissue

187
Q

What does xylem tissue transport?

A

Water from roots to stem/leaves

188
Q

What does phloem tissue transport?

A

Dissolved sugars from leaves to the rest of plant

189
Q

Where does the xylem tissue transport the water?

A

From roots to the stem/leaves

190
Q

Where does the phloem tissue transport it’s sugars?

A

From leaves to rest of plant

191
Q

Where can we find the meristem tissue?

A

Growing tips of shoots

192
Q

What does the meristem tissue contain?

A

Stem cells

193
Q

What’s transpiration?

A

Evaporation of water from a plant

194
Q

Why is the transpiration stream important ?

A

Brings water to leaves for photosynthesis
Transport dissolved minerals
Evaporation of water cools the leaf down in hot conditions

195
Q

Why is the rate of transpiration high at greater temperatures?

A

Evaporation is faster as particles have more kinetic energy, so move faster

196
Q

Why is transpiration faster during dry conditions?

A

Fewer water particles in the air, so a steep concentration gradient

197
Q

Why does the rate of transpiration increase in windy conditions?

A

Wind removes water vapour

198
Q

Why does the rate of transpiration increase with high light intensity?

A

This increases the rate of photosynthesis- so the stomata open

199
Q

If the stomata are closed, what can’t the plant do?

A

Photosynthesise

200
Q

Give 2 examples of how infection by pathogens can cause other r health problems

A

Viruses-ineffective cells of body can cause cancer

Immune reactions- trigger allergies

201
Q

Why do most plants have more stomata on the bottom than the top?

A

The bottom is shaded and cooler, so less water is lost

202
Q

Why will a person with heart failure have an artificial heart fitted?

A

Keep them allow until transplant is available

Help them recover and rest their heart

203
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease

204
Q

How can bacteria make us ill?

A

Once inside body, they reproduce very rapidly
Release toxins
-
Damage tissues and make us feel ill

205
Q

Where can viruses only reproduce?

A

Inside a host cell

206
Q

What can viruses cause cells to Do?

A

Burst opens and die

207
Q

How can viruses cause cells to burst and eventually die?

A

Invade cell
Reproduce inside host cell
= damaging

208
Q

How do pathogens spread?

A

Air
Water
Direct contact

209
Q

How can we reduce the spread of pathogens?

A 
Wash hands- sanitation 
Clean drinking water 
Condom during sexual contact- reduce HIV
Isolation
Vaccination
210
Q

What type of disease is measles and HIV?

A

Viral

211
Q

Can viruses be killed by antibiotics?

A

No

212
Q

What’s the symptoms of measles?

A

Fever

Red skin rash

213
Q

How is measles spread?

A

In air droplets

214
Q

What’s a long term impact of measles?

A

Damage to breathing system and the brain

215
Q

What’s a symptom of HIV?

A

Flu like illness

216
Q

Why can people with HIV struggle to fight off other infections?

A

Because the patients immune system becomes so badly damaged

217
Q

How can you treat HIV?

A

Take antiretroviral drugs- stop virus multiplying

218
Q

How can we treat measles?

A

Vaccination

219
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Through the exchange of fluids between humans

220
Q

What are 2 examples of bacterial diseases?

A

Salmonella and gonorrhoea

221
Q

Can bacteria be killed using antibiotics?

A

Yes

222
Q

How are the bacteria that cause salmonella food poisoning spread by?

A

Ingesting infected food

223
Q

What cause the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Bacteria that secrete toxins

224
Q

What are some symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever
Abdominal cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

225
Q

How can salmonella in chickens be controlled?

A

Vaccinate the chickens

226
Q

What type of disease is gonorrhoea(not referring to bacterial)

A

STD

227
Q

What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Thick yellow discharge from penis/vagina

Pain when urinating

228
Q

How can we stop the spread of gonorrhoea?

A

Use a condom during sex

People who have unprotected sexual should be tested for it- treat with antibiotics

229
Q

What is the malaria pathogen an example of?

A

A protist

230
Q

What are symptoms of malaria?

A

Fever

231
Q

How can a person get malaria?

A

Person is bitten by mosquito
Pathogen passes into mosquito
Mosquito bites another person and passes pathogen to them

232
Q

What is a mosquito?

A

A vector

233
Q

What does a vector mean?

A

Carries pathogen from person to person

234
Q

How can we stop the spread of malaria

A

Drain still water(in ponds) - stop breeding
Use mosquito nets
Spray surfaces with insecticide

235
Q

What is the skin an example of?

A

A non specific defence system

236
Q

How does skin prevent microorganisms entering?

A

Outer layer has dead cells- pathogen can’t penetrate

Produces oily substance called sebum- kills bacteria

237
Q

How does the nose stop pathogens entering?

A

Hair and mucus- trap pathogens

238
Q

How are the trachea and bronchi adapted to prevent pathogens entering the lungs?

A

Covered with cilia- covered in mucus

Cilia wafts the mucus upwards towards the throat where it is swallowed

239
Q

What does the stomach prevents pathogens entering?

A

Produce hydrochloric acid- kill pathogens

240
Q

What’s the 2 main functions of the immune system?

A

Destroy pathogens and toxins

Protect us from the same pathogen if it invaded us again

241
Q

What’s the first white blood cell function?

A

Ingest and destroy the pathogen

242
Q

How can the white blood cell ingest the pathogen?

A

It detects chemicals released from the pathogen and moves towards it.
White blood cell releases enzymes that break down the pathogen

243
Q

What’s the second function of the white blood cells?

A

Produce antibodies

244
Q

How do antibodies destroy

Pathogens?

A

They attach onto specific antigens on the surface of the pathogen , triggering them to
Be destroyed

245
Q

Besides ingesting the pathogen and producing antibodies, what else can white blood cells produce?

A

Antitoxins

246
Q

How do antitoxins work?

A

They stick to toxins and counter act them- prevent them from damaging cells

247
Q

What type of disease is the plant disease TMV?

A

Viral

248
Q

What type of disease is the plant disease rose black spot?

A

Fungal

249
Q

What does TMV do to the plant?

A

Discolour it- in a mosaic pattern

250
Q

Why is the growth of the plant reduced if it has TMV?

A

Discolouration- less photosynthesis- less glucose and protein

251
Q

What does rose black spot cause the leaves to develop?

A

Black spots

252
Q

How can rose black spot be spread?

A

By water or by wind

253
Q

How can we reduce the spread of rose black spot

A

Spray plants with fungicides

Remove infected leaves

254
Q

What does vaccination involve?

A

Introducing small quantities of inactive forms of a pathogen in the body

255
Q

How does the body react to the inactive pathogen?

A

White blood cells make antibodies

These attach to antigens and destroy the pathogen

256
Q

After the body has killed the pathogen, what is different about the white blood cells?

A

They remember how to make the specific antibodies

257
Q

What happens when the body encounters a live form of the pathogen?

A

White blood cells produce the antibodies rapidly, preventing infection

258
Q

What is it called when people who have vaccinated also protect unvaccinated people!

A

Herd immunity

259
Q

What are antibodies produced by?

A

White blood cells called lymphocytes

260
Q

Describe how we make monoclonal antibodies

A

Inject mouse with antigen, lymphocytes will produce antibodies against the antigen- collect lymphocytes
Fuse lymphocytes with a tumour cell
We form a hybridoma cell
Select a single hybridoma producing the antibody we want
Allow cell to divide by mitosis- producing clones of hybridoma cells
Antibodies produced by cells are called monoclonal antibodies

261
Q

Simply, how are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

From a single clone of hybridoma cells

262
Q

What’s a benefit of monoclonal antibodies being specific to one binding site on one antigen?

A

Can target a specific chemical or cells in body

263
Q

What is a use of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis?

A

Pregnancy testing

264
Q

In pregnancy testing, what are monoclonal antibodies used to detect?

A

A specific hormone - produces by placenta in fetus

265
Q

How else can we use monoclonal antibodies in lab testing?

A

Measure levels of hormones in blood and detect pathogens

266
Q

What’s an an advantage of using monoclonal antibodies when measure hormone levels or detecting pathogens in the blood?

A

They are specific

267
Q

What’s an Advantage of using monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy testing?

A

Cheap and easy to use

268
Q

What’s another use of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Locate or identify molecules in a cell- eg attach to fluorescent dyes , these stick to specific molecules

269
Q

What’s a final use of monoclonal antibodies for treating disease?

A

Make antibodies specific to cancer cells
Attach toxic drug to antibody
Antibody attaches to cancer cell
This stops cancer cells from growing

270
Q

What’s an advantage of using monoclonal antibodies on a toxic drug?

A

Antibody delivers substance specifically to cancer cells without harming healthy cells

271
Q

What’s a problem of using monoclonal antibodies found in drug trials?

A

Produce harmful side effects

272
Q

When doing the potato practical how can we make the investigation more repeatable?

A

Repeat investigation for each sugar find for several potato cylinders

273
Q

What are some risks and solutions of the potato practical?

A

Care must be taken when using the scalpel
Wear eye protection when using chemical solutions
Make sure potato is placed ok ceramic tile when using cork borer

274
Q

Describe the transport of water through a plant from roots to atmosphere

A

Transport in xylem
Water evaporates from leaves
Through stomata

275
Q

Why does a person with a leaky valve experience difficulty exercising?

A 
Backflow of blood occurs
Less blood leaves heart 
Less oxygen supplied to muscles
Less aerobic respiration
Less energy released
Less muscle contraction
276
Q

Explain how diabetes can causes the body cells to lose more water

A

Blood is more concentrated and has less water
So water moves out of cells by osmosis
Through a partially permeable membrane

277
Q

Why does having only one ventricle make the circulatory system less efficient than having 2 ventricles?

A

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes

Less oxygen reaches cells

278
Q

Why might an axolotl die in water with a low concentration of oxygen?

A 
Concentration gradient is shallower - out of axolotl
Oxygen diffuses out of blood
Less aerobic respiration
Less energy released
Less metabolism
279
Q

Explain how pancreatic cancer may Cause a person to lose weight

A 
Fewer enzymes released
Food is not broken not fully
Less glucose absorbed into blood
Less amino acids absorbed 
Less proteins made for growth and repair
280
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies treat pancreatic cancer?

A

Monoclonal antibody is attached to a cytotoxic drug
Anti overt will only attach onto the target cancer cells
Cytotoxic drugs will bind to target cells and stop them growing and dividing

281
Q

Why might a person with AIDS take very long to recover from salmonella?

A

Immune system is weakened

White blood cells cannot kill bacteria as effectively

282
Q

How could you modify the potato investigation for determine the concentration of solution inside each egg?

A

Use five different finds of sugar solution
Plot percentage change on graph
Determine concentration when line corsages x axis

283
Q

What does magnesium deficiency result in(not stunted growth)?

A

Less chlorophyll

284
Q

Why could indicstor in both tubes containing bile become colourless?

A

Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids
Fatty acids lower the pH
When fatty acids Sadie the pH to be below 19, the indicstor becomes colourless

285
Q

How does water move from roots to leaves(2 marks)

A

By the transpiration stream in the xylem cells

286
Q

Why is less water loss an advantage of a plant?

A

So it doesn’t wilt

287
Q

How can scientists use a plant that contains a TMV resistant gene to produce many plants with this resistant gene?

A

Take stem cells from meristem

288
Q

Describe how glucose from small intestine is moved to a muscle cell

A

Glucose is absorbed by diffusion into blood

Blood delivers glucose to muscles in capillaaries

289
Q

What 2 products does anaerobic respiration inyeast cells produce?

A

CO2 and ethanol

290
Q

In the potato practical, why could you calculate the percentage change in mass as well as the change in grams?

A

Allow results to be compared

291
Q

What are possible sources of error in the potato practical?

A

Drying of chips
Concentration of solutions
Accuracy of balance

292
Q

How could an infection that is from an acid tolerant bacteria that damages the stomach mucus lining result in a stomach ulcer?

A

Bacteria isn’t killed by stomach so they damage mucus lining

So acid damages stomach tissue and cause an ulcer

293
Q

Why could a person that has a disease that causes inflammation in the intestines and damages villi have poor growth?

A

Reduced surface area for absorption
Fewer amino acids and glucose absorbed
Less respiration
Fewer amino acids available to build new proteins

294
Q

Why at some point Do bacteria stop multiplying by binary fission?

A

Shortage of nutrients so cells die

295
Q

How does a pregnancy test strip work to show a positive result?

A

Urine passes through reaction zone
Hormone bonds to mobile antibody
Hormone binds to immobilised antibodies in results zone
Antibodies which don’t attach to hormone bind the antibodies in control zone
Blue dye apparatus in both control and results zone

296
Q

What’s Happens in the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

A

1- DNA and organelles replicate
2- chromosomes move to centre of cell then are pulled to opposite ends of cell
3- cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical cells

297
Q

Explain the lock and key theory of enzyme action

A

Enzyme binds to substrate because they are complementary
Substrate is broken down into products
Products are released

298
Q

What do you do to the Benedict’s solution before you observe the colour change?

A

Boil/heat it

299
Q

Explain why a lead left in the cupboard with no light contains glucose but not starch

A

Starch converted to glucose
Glucose used for respiration and used to release energy
Because no light to make new glucose by photosynthesis

300
Q

Besides a deficiency of nitrate ions, what 2 are reasons can be used to expansion reasons for yellow leaves and stunted growth?

A

Magnesium deficiency

Infected by a pathogen

301
Q

Give 2 pieces of lab equipment you can use to prepare cells to view using a microscope

A

Stain and a slide

302
Q

Why does a red blood cell burst but a plant cell doesn’t

A

Water enters by osmosis and the plant has a cell wall to stop tjis

303
Q

What’s the financial impact of increasing number of people who are obese?

A

Costs hospitals more

304
Q

How can We prepare an uncontaminated culture of bacterium in a petri dish (6)

A

Sterilise loop in Bunsen burner- kill harmful microbes
Dip loop into bacteria and streak across surface if agar and replace lid to prevent outside contamination
Seal lid- prevent microorganisms entering
Incubate at 25 degrees- safety

305
Q

What’s the pro of embryonic stem cells?

A

Can turn into any type of cells- treat wide variety of diseases

306
Q

What’s 2 disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells?

A

Killing an embryo is seen as unethical

Can’t give consent

307
Q

What’s a pro of adult stem cell bs embryonic stem cells?

A

Well tried and tested, so more reliable

308
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of adult stem cells?

A

Can only treat limited diseases

Painful

309
Q

What’s the purpose of cell specialisation?

A

Cells differentiate and obtain new structural features enabling them to carry out specific functions

310
Q

How can a student carry out the investigation to observe and label the viewable structures of an onion?(6)

A

Use tweezers to peel epidermal tissue from onion
Add drop of water to slide place epidermal tissue on slide and add iodine stain
Slowly Place cover slip over tissue
Place slide under microscope- with lowest powered objective lens
Adjust coarse focus until sun cellular structures become viewable
Look down through eyepiece and move to highest objective lens
Adjust fine focus until image of high resolution is produced

311
Q

Why do we slowly place the cover slip of the epidermal tissue?

A

So no air bubbles are trapped

312
Q

Why do we add iodine stain to the tissue on a slide?

A

Ensure structures can be observed

313
Q

Describe how water moves from soil to the leaf

A 
Water moves into the root via osmosis
Water flows from the root hair cells to xylem cell by osmosis 
Water moves up the plant via the storm
Evaporation of water from leaves 
Produces tension
This is the transpiration stream
314
Q

Why go large compels molecules Jones to be broken down into smaller simple molecules?

A

They can move into the bloodstream by active transport and then be transported to useful organs

315
Q

Independent variable in potato practical

A

Sugar conc

316
Q

Dependent variable in potato practical

A

Mass of potato

317
Q

Describe a method that could be used to determine the rate of anaerobic respiration

A

Collect gas produced using a gas syringe
Compare volumes at different temperatures
Incubate mixture at diff temperatures

318
Q

Why is it important that high proportions of populations are immune to specific diseases?

A

Cannot he spread from person to person and therefore cannot he spread across populations

319
Q

Why would there be no change in ass if instead of potatoes m, boiled leeks were used?

A

Partially worn ranks membrane is damaged

320
Q

How can you prepare the food sample when testing for proteins?

A

Break up good using a mortar and pestle
Transfer to a test tube and add distilled water
Mix good with water by stirring with glass rod
Filter mixture - use funnel and filter paper

321
Q

How is the heart adapted for its function?

A

Ventricles have thick walls as they have to pump high pressure blood around the body
2 sets of valves- prevent back flow of blood
Coronary stereos supply heart tissue with oxygenated blood for aerobic respiration

322
Q

Describe the process of inhalation in the lungs

A

Intercostal misled contract- ribcage moves up
Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Inverse relationship between pressure and volume
Air is drawn into lungs

323
Q

How can HIV be spread ?

A

Direct sexual contact
Exchange of bodily fluids
Drug users that’s share infected needles

GCSE Science (8 decks)

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