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GCSE Science > Chemistry Paper 2- Major Focus Of Exam > Flashcards

Chemistry Paper 2- Major Focus Of Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

How can you find the speed of a reaction?

A

Recording the amount of product formed and reactants used up

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2
Q

Do the fastest rates of reaction have steeper or flatter lines?

A

Steeper

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3
Q

What must particles do in order to react?

A

Collide with enough energy

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4
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect the rate of reaction ?

A

Temperature, concentration, surface area, presence of a catalyst

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5
Q

Explain how increased temperature affects rate of reaction (4)

A

Particles gain kinetic energy
Move faster
Increased frequency of successful collisions
Increased rate of reaction

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6
Q

Explain the affect of concentration on the rate of reaction (4)

A

More particles in a fixed volume
Increased frequency of successful collisions
Increased rate of reaction

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7
Q

What factor does pressure act similar to in rates of reaction ?

A

Concentration

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8
Q

Explain how surface area affects rate of reaction (4)

A

More particles are on show( exposed)
Increased frequency of collisions
Increased rate of reaction

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9
Q

How can surface area of solid be increase?

A

Break into smaller pieces

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10
Q

How does using a catalyst increase the rate of reaction?

A

Lower the activation energy- provide an alternative reaction pathway

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11
Q

What’s the equation for mean rate of reaction?

A

Rate of reaction= amount of reactant used/product formed/ time

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12
Q

What are the 3 different ways in measuring rate of reaction?

A

Precipitation and colour change
Change in mass
Volume of gas given off

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13
Q

Describe the practical to measure rate of reaction involving sodium thiosulfate

A

Add set volume of sodium thiosulfate to flask
Place flask on paper with a cross
Add some HCL and start timer
Watch black cross disappear and time how long it takes

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14
Q

What are some control variables in the sodium thiosulfate experiment

A

Volume of sodium thiosulfate and HCL
Same cross
Same person

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15
Q

What can you draw to find the reaction rate at a particular point?

A

Draw a tangent

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16
Q

When is equilibrium only reached ?

A

If the reversible reaction takes place in a closed system

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17
Q

What 3 factors does the position of equilibrium depend on?

A

Temperature, pressure, concentration

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18
Q

What do reversible reactions try to do?

A

Counteract changes

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19
Q

If equilibrium lies to the right, is the concentration of products greater or less than of the reactants

A

Greater

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20
Q

If you decrease the temperature, which reaction will be favoured ?

A

The exothermic direction

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21
Q

If you raise the temperature, which way will the equilibrium move?

A

In the endothermic direction

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22
Q

What does changing pressure only affect ?

A

A reaction involving gases

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23
Q

If you increase the pressure, where will the equilibrium shift?

A

To the side with fewer gas molecules

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24
Q

If the pressure is lowered, what direction does the equilibrium move?

A

In the direction with the most gas molecules

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25
Q

If you increase the concentration of reactants what will the system try to do to counter act this?

A

Make more products

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26
Q

When measuring rates of reaction, describe the change in mass method

A

When the gas is released, the mass disparaging is measured on a mass balance
Take measurements at regular intervals and plot a graph

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27
Q

What is a disadvantage of the change in mass method?

A

A gas is released straight into the room

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28
Q

Why is the change in mass method the most accurate?

A

Mass balance is very accurate

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29
Q

Describe the measure of measuring the volume of gas given off when measuring rates of reaction

A

Use a gas syringe, and measure volume of gas given off

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30
Q

What is an issue with the choke of gas given off method?

A

If the reaction is too vigorous, you can easily blow the plunger out the end of the syringe

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31
Q

What is a reversible reaction ?

A

Where the reaction can go forwards/backwards

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32
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

When the forward and backwards reaction happen at the same rate and the same time

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33
Q

Where can we find crude oil?

A

In rocks

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34
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Over millions of years of remains of plankton

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35
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Hydrocarbons

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36
Q

What are hydrocarbons molecules made up of?

A

Hydrogen and carbon atoms

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37
Q

What are hydrocarbons classified as?

A

Alkanes

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38
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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39
Q

Give 4 alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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40
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated

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41
Q

Why are alkanes saturated?

A

Carbon atoms are fully bonded to hydrogen atoms

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42
Q

What is another word for viscosity?

A

Thickness

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43
Q

Are long chain hydrocarbons very viscous or not much?

A

Very viscous

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44
Q

What does flammability tell us?

A

How easily a hydrocarbon combusts

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45
Q

Are long chain hydrogens flammable or not very flammable

A

Not very flammable

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46
Q

Do long chain hydrocarbons have high or low boiling points?

A

Very high

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47
Q

When do hydrocarbons release energy?

A

When they are combusted

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48
Q

In the combustion of hydrocarbons, is carbon and hypertension reduced or oxidised?

A

Oxidised

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49
Q

When a combustion reaction produces CO2 and water, it is incomplete or complete?

A

Complete

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50
Q

In fractional distillation, what is crude oil separated into?

A

Fractions

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51
Q

What do fractions contain?

A

Hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms

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52
Q

Describe the steps of how fractional distillation works

A 
Crude oil heated
Hydrocarbons turns into a gas
Vapour fed into fractionating column
Vapour rises up the column
Hydrocarbons condense when they reach their boiling point
Liquid fractions are removed
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53
Q

Is the column hottest at the top or bottom?

A

Bottom

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54
Q

Are long chain hydrocarbons removed at the top or bottom of the column?

A

Bottom

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55
Q

Where and how are very short chain hydrocarbons removed in the column?

A

Right at the top, and don’t condense- they leave as gases

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56
Q

What is petrol and diesel used for?

A

Fuelling cars

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57
Q

What is kerosene used as?

A

Jet fuel

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58
Q

What is heavy fuel oil used for?

A

Powering ships

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59
Q

What is liquidised petroleum gas used in?

A

Camping stoves

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60
Q

What are some fractions used as for the petrochemical industry?

A

Feedstock

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61
Q

What is a feedstock?

A

A chemical used to make other chemicals

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62
Q

Give 4 examples of what feedstock fractions are used for

A

Making solvents
Lubricants
Detergents
Polymers

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63
Q

What type of bonds do alkanes have between their carbon atoms?

A

Single covalent

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64
Q

What is one reason why long chain hydrocarbons aren’t used as fuels?

A

They aren’t very flammable, so don’t combust well

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65
Q

What does cracking convert?

A

Long chain hydrocarbons to short chain hydrocarbons

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66
Q

What are the conditions for catalytic cracking?

A

High temperatures and a catalyst

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67
Q

What are the conditions for steam cracking?

A

High temperature and steam

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68
Q

What does cracking make?

A

Alkenes

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69
Q

What type of bond do Alkenes have between carbon atoms?

A

Double covalent

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70
Q

Why are Alkenes useful?

A

Used to make polymers

Used as a starting material for other useful chemicals

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71
Q

Are Alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes?

A

More reactive

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72
Q

How do you test for Alkenes?

A

Add bromine water, shake it, and it will turn colourless from an orange colour

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73
Q

What percent is our current atmosphere made up of nitrogen?

A

78%

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74
Q

What percent is our atmosphere made up of oxygen?

A

21%

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75
Q

What kind of gases form a very little proportion of our atmospheres gases?

A

CO2, water vapour, noble gases like argon

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76
Q

In the early atmosphere, what do scientists think released the gases that formed it?

A

Volcanoes

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77
Q

What is an example of a gas released by volcanoes in our early atmosphere?

A

Water vapour

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78
Q

How did oceans form?

A

Water vapour condensed

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79
Q

Besides water vapour, what other gas did volcanoes release lots of?

A

Carbon dioxide

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80
Q

TRUE or FALSE? In the early atmosphere, the atmosphere consisted of lots of oxygen and little CO2

A

False- it consisted mainly of carbon dioxide and little oxygen

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81
Q

Besides CO2 and water vapour, what other gases(in smaller amounts) did volcanoes release?

A

Nitrogen, methane and ammonia

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82
Q

Compare the differences of the earths early atmosphere and the current one

A

Early atmosphere had high amounts of CO2, whereas the current atmosphere has very little
Current atmosphere contains lots of oxygen, whereas the early atmosphere had very little

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83
Q

What gas dissolved in oceans to form a weak acid?

A

Carbon dioxide

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84
Q

How did precipitates form in the sea?

A

The weak acids reacted with minerals

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85
Q

Over time, what did the precipitates form?

A

Sediments of carbonate rock on the sea bed

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86
Q

What was some of the carbon dioxide in the sea used to make?

A

Coral and shells or organisms like mussels

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87
Q

When the mussels died, what type of rock formed?

A

Sedimentary rock limestone , removing Co2

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88
Q

How did oxygen first enter the atmosphere?

A

Around 2.7 billion years ago, algae formed in the oceans, and photosynthesis produced oxygen

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89
Q

Over time what increases the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

Evolution of plants

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90
Q

What’s the final reason why the level of CO2 levels fell?

A

Carbon dioxide was taken in via photosynthesis, becoming trapped in fossil fuels

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91
Q

Are fossil fuels renewable or non renewable?

A

Non renewable

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92
Q

How is coal formed?

A

From the remains of ferns and trees, and if in marshy conditions, don’t decompose.
Over time, the plant remains is covered with sediment and is compressed
High temperature and pressure produces coal

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93
Q

Ultimately, what are the 2 factors that produce coal?

A

High temperature and pressure

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94
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A 
From plankton, that die and settle in mud on the sea bed
Over time they are compressed
Heat and pressure converts them
Into
Crude oil
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95
Q

How is natural gas formed(simply)

A

From

Plankton

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96
Q

Where does natural rubber come from?

A

Sap of a tree

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97
Q

What is synthetic rubber produced from?

A

Crude oil

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98
Q

Are fossil fuels finite?

A

Yes

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99
Q

Are metals finite?

A

Yes

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100
Q

Give an example of a renewable resource

A

Wood

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101
Q

What is a renewable resource?

A

A source that can be replaced as quickly as it is used

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102
Q

What does drink water need to have and not have?

A

Needs it have dissolved minerals, but no harmful microbes

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103
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water safe to drink

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104
Q

What does pure water contain?

A

No dissolved substances

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105
Q

Does potable water contain dissolved substances?

A

Yes

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106
Q

In the UK, what type of water provides most of our potable water?

A

Rain water

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107
Q

How to we obtain potable water?

A

Choose a source of fresh water
Pass water through filter beds
Sterilise it using chemicals

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108
Q

What’s the purpose of the filtration stage in obtaining potable water?

A

The remove solid materials like leaves

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109
Q

What’s the purpose of the sterilisation stage in obtaining potable water?

A

Kill microbes

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110
Q

What chemicals can we use for sterilisation?

A

Chlorine, ozone and UV light

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111
Q

In countries where water is scarce, how can potable water be produced?

A

By desalination

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112
Q

What does desalination reduce?

A

The levels of dissolved minerals down to a suitable level

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113
Q

What are 2 forms of desalination?

A

Distillation and reverse osmosis

114
Q

What is a disadvantage of desalination?

A

Require huge amounts of energy- very expensive

115
Q

What does waste water contain a large amount of?

A

Organic molecules

116
Q

Besides organic molecules, what else does waste water contain?

A

Harmful microorganisms

117
Q

What’s the first stage when doing waste water treatment?

A

Screening

118
Q

What does screening involve?

A

The sewage passing through a mesh

119
Q

What does screening remove?

A

Solids and pieces of grit

120
Q

What’s the next stage after screening in waste water treatment?

A

Sedimentation

121
Q

What does sedimentation involve?

A

Sewage settles in a tank- produces a liquid efficient and solid sludge(it sinks)

122
Q

What is the sludge taken away and digested by?

A

Anaerobic bacteria

123
Q

What can anaerobic bacteria produce when digesting solid sludge?

A

Biogas- can be burned for electricity

Fertilisers for farming

124
Q

How do the aerobic bacteria digest the organic molecules and harmful microorganisms of the liquid effluent?

A

Air is bubbled through it- providing oxygen

125
Q

After aerobic bacteria digests it’s harmful microorganisms, where can the liquid efficient be discharged into?

A

Nearby rivers or the sea

126
Q

What’s the easiest way to

Produce potable water?

A

By using ground water

127
Q

What’s a disadvantage of using aquifers for probable water?

A

Can be polluted by fertilisers from nearby farms

128
Q

Is ground water potable?

A

Yes, once it’s been treated with chlorine

129
Q

Why don’t we usually produce potable water via waste water treatment?

A

Requires many purification steps

130
Q

What can copper be used in?

A

Electronic equipment

131
Q

Why do we have to start to extract copper from low grade ores?

A

Copper

Ores are becoming scarce

132
Q

Simply, what happens in phytomining?

A

Plants are grown on land containing the metal compound we want

133
Q

In phytomining what do the plants do?

A

They absorb the metal and concentrate it in their tissue

134
Q

How do we extract copper once the plants have it concentrated in their tissue?

A

We harvest it and burn them

Extract copper from the ash that contains a high concentration of copper

135
Q

What does bio leaching use?

A

Bacteria

136
Q

What happens in bioleaching?

A

Bacteria are mixed with the low grade ore
Bacteria carry out chemical reactions, producing a leachate
The leachate contains the metal

137
Q

In the case of copper compounds, how can we extract it?(2 ways)

A

Displace it using iron

Electrolysis

138
Q

What do both phytomining and bioleaching allow us to?

A

Economically extract metals from low grade ores

139
Q

What’s an advantage of phytomining and bioleaching?

A

Don’t involve digging or transportation of rock

140
Q

What can ammonia be used to make?

A

Nitrogen-based fertilisers

141
Q

What is ammonia produced by?

A

The haber process

142
Q

What’s the equation to form ammonia?

A

Nitrogen+ hydrogen= ammonia

143
Q

Where can nitrogen be extracted to make ammonia?

A

In the air

144
Q

How can hydrogen be produced?

A

Reacting methane with steam

145
Q

What are the conditions for the haber process?

A

450 degrees
200
Atmospheres pressure
Iron catalyst

146
Q

What type of reaction is the haber process?

A

Reversible

147
Q

How can we increase the yield of

Ammonia?

A

Cool the ammonia to turn it into a liquid

148
Q

What can we do to the unteaches nitrogen and hydrogen?

A

Recycle it

149
Q

What’s the forward reaction of the haber process?

A

Exothermic

150
Q

If we cool the temperature to increase yield, what does that result in?

A

A slow reaction

151
Q

Why is 450

Degrees a compromise temperature?

A

We get a relatively fast rate and relatively high yield of ammonia

152
Q

What does the iron catalyst do?

A

Increase the rate of reaction

153
Q

Besides producing a lower yield, why don’t we use a very high temperature?

A

Very expensive

154
Q

What do we settle on a compromise pressure of
200
Atmospheres?

A

High pressure is expensive and dangerous

155
Q

What effect does the iron catalyst have on the position of equilibrium?

A

No effect

156
Q

What do fertilisers do?

A

Replace elements in farming

157
Q

What do NPK fertilisers contain compounds of?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

158
Q

Where are NPK fertilisers produced?

A

In large industrial facilities

159
Q

Compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium improve what?

A

Agricultural productivity

160
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A

Formulations of different salts

161
Q

What do the salts in NPK fertilisers contain?

A

The required percentage of each element needed by the plants

162
Q

What’s the main compound of nitrogen in NPK fertilisers?

A

Ammonium nitrate

163
Q

How do we make ammonium nitrate ?

A

Use ammonia produced by haber process and use it to produce nitric acid
React the ammonia and nitric acid

164
Q

Where does the potassium on NPK fertilisers come from?

A

The salts potassium chloride or potassium sulfate

165
Q

How can potassium chloride or potassium sulfate be extracted?

A

By mining

166
Q

How can ammonium phosphate be formed?

A

By treating phosphate rock with nitric acid that produces phosphoric acid
Neutralise acid with ammonia

167
Q

How can we make a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate?

A

By treating phosphate rock with sulfuric acid

168
Q

What is a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate called?

A

Single superphosphate

169
Q

How can we make triple

Superphosphate?

A

Treating phosphate rock with phosphoric acid

170
Q

What we do in school

Labs to make ammonium nitrate safe to work with?

A

Use dilute solutions of ammonia and nitric acid

171
Q

What do we do in duster to

Make ammonium nitrate compared to school labs?

A

Ammonia used as gas

Acid concentrated

172
Q

Why is making ammonium nitrate in industry more dangerous that the school?

A

Reaction is very exothermic

173
Q

In a school lab, what do we produce?

A

Crystals used a water bath and a Bunsen burner- requires lots of energy

174
Q

In industry, what is some of the energy for evaporation provided by?

A

The exothermic reaction earlier

175
Q

What’s the process called in a school lab?

A

A batch process

176
Q

In industry, what is the chemical produced by?

A

A continuous process

177
Q

Describe the steps to carry out a flame test

A

Place small
Amount of chemical into a wire mounted in a handle
Place end in blue Bunsen burner flame

178
Q

What colour flame does lithium produce?

A

Crimson red

179
Q

What colour flame does sodium make?

A

Yellow

180
Q

What colour flame does potassium make?

A

Lilac

181
Q

What colour flame does calcium make?

A

Orange-red

182
Q

What colour flame does copper make?

A

Green

183
Q

What are some disadvantages of flame tests?

A

Colour is difficult to distinguish if low conc of metal

Sample containing mixture of metal can mask colour

184
Q

What’s another technique instead of flame tests?

A

Flame emission spectroscopy

185
Q

Describe how to carry out flame emission spectroscopy

A

Place sample of metal in solution into a flame
Light given out passes into a spectroscope
This converts light into a line spectrum

186
Q

What are the positions of the lines in the spectrum specific to?

A

The given metal

187
Q

What else can flame emission spectroscopy tell us of the metal?

A

It’s concentration

188
Q

What does intensity of lines show?

A

Concentration

189
Q

What is flame emission spectroscopy an example of?

A

An instrumental method

190
Q

What are 3 advantages of instrumental methods?

A

Rapid
Sensitive
Accurate

191
Q

States the names of 2 of the gases that made up the earths early atmosphere

A

Nitrogen and ammonia

192
Q

Describe how chromatography works

A

Separates mixtures
Identifies different substances
Solvent will move up paper
Leaving spots on the paper

193
Q

Describe a method to investigate how change in temp affects rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hcl

A 
10cm3 of HcL and 0.5 mol of hcl
Given mass of Caco3
Repeat for at least 3 diff temperatures
Place reactants in flask
Place on scales
Measure mass after mixing
Cotton wool bung to let gas out
Measure mass every 30 seconds
Plot graph of mass against time
194
Q

How can the disappearing cross practical be improved?

A

Use a colorimeter

195
Q

Describe why a test resulted in a orange flame when o knew the metal contained sodium

A

Impure sample

Organs flame Bunsen burner

196
Q

Define crude oil

A

Mixture of different lengths of hydrocarbons

197
Q

Why can’t you use a mixture of petrol and diesel in cars?

A

They are different boiling points as they are different length hydrocarbons
This can cause issues if the fuel is heated to a wrong temperature

198
Q

Explain the need for cracking

A

More long hydrocarbons produced than needed

High demand for short hydrocarbons but little produced

199
Q

Explain the effect a catalyst has on equilibrium

A

No effect

Speeds up both forwards and reverse direction

200
Q

How can we determine the mass of salt dissolved in a sample?

A

Measure mass of whole sample using a basin

Evaporate water and measure mass of basin now and determine difference

201
Q

Compare reactions to produce ammonoium nitrate in industry and in the lab

A

Industry- high concentrations , exothermic reactions
Lab- reactions carried out by titstion and crystallisation
Lower concentration of reactants

202
Q

Why isn’t crystallisation used in industry?

A

Slow

203
Q

Why can’t phosphate rock be used as a fertiliser directly?

A

It’s insoluble, so plants can’t absorb it directly

204
Q

Plan investigation to show presence of lithium ions and carbonate ions in tablet

A 
Dissolve tablet in water
Clean metal wire
Dip wire into compound
Place in blue flame
Observe crimson flame

Add HCL
Bubble gas through limewater
Limewater goes cloudy

205
Q

What name is given to mixtures like tablets

A

Formulations

206
Q

Suggest 1 property of a smart polymer that is different to that of an ordinary one

A

Can return to original shape

207
Q

Explain why organisms couldn’t have evolved in the early atmosphere

A

Little oxygen
Photosynthesis hasn’t occurred
Oxygen using organisms can’t evolve

208
Q

Explain how methane keeps our planet warm

A

Allows short wave radiation to pass through and is remitted as long wave radiation
Methane absorbs and traps this radiation

209
Q

What is in water filters that removes the hardness from water?

A

Hydrogen ions

210
Q

Suggest why water filters used in homes contains particles of silver

A

Preventer growth of microbes

211
Q

Benefit if drinking hard water

A

Maintain strong bines

212
Q

Why does the solution become cloudy when sulfur is formed

A

It’s a precipitate

213
Q

Suggest how ammonia is supersets from the other gases

A

Cools and liquifies to a lower temp than it’s boiling point

214
Q

What happens to gases from the reactor

A

Ammonia is cooled and liquefied

Nitrogen and hydrogen is recycled

215
Q

Suggest why conditions used to produce ammonia are a temp of 450 and pressure of 200

A

Reaction is reversible
Forward reaction is exothermic, so increases temp= lower yield
Lower temp slows rate of reaction
Higher pressure increases yield as forward reactions produces fewer gas molecules
Higher pressure uses lots of energy so is expensive

216
Q

Adv of phytomining

A

Reduces need to obtain new ore by mining

Conserved limited high grade ores

217
Q

Disadvantage of phytomining

A

Slow

Land availability is limited

218
Q

Plan investigation for chromotogrosht and calculate rf value

A 
Draw pencil like on paper
Stop food colouring on line
Place solvent and paper ik besker so paper is in solvent
Solvent below pencil line
Allow solvent to rise up to the top
Mark solvejt front
Calculate rf
219
Q

Why is polyethene easier to recycle than teurmosetting polymers

A

Easily melted and reshaped

220
Q

What 2 compound each contain 2 of elements in npk fertilisers

A

Potassium nitrate and ammonium phosphate

221
Q

Eval 2 methods for producing a large mass of ammonium nitrate

A

Industrial- continuous process and quicker

Lab- small scale and slower and batch

222
Q

Why is recycling scrap copper sustainable than processing copper ores

A

Less waste produced
Less energy used
Conserved ores

223
Q

Explain how phytomining works

A 
Grow plants
Plants absorb metal compound
Harvested and burned
Ash reacts with acid
Copper displaced using iron
224
Q

Disadvantage of bioleaching

A

Produce toxic substances

225
Q

What 2 apparatus could you find rate if production of hydrogen gas with

A

Gas syringe

Stopwatch

226
Q

Conditions for rusting

A

Water and air

227
Q

Why does a nail containing a coating of paint not rust?

A

Paint is a barrier

228
Q

Why does a nail rust with a coating of stainless steel

A

It’s resistant to corrosion

229
Q

Why does fixing magnesium onto some ships prevent it from rusting?

A

Magnesium is more reactive than iron so acts as sacrificial protection

230
Q

Why do aluminium window frames not corrode after they are made

A

Coating of aluminium oxide

Protects metals

231
Q

What are glass fibres used in

A

Reinforcement

232
Q

Why is an outer skin added to the polystyrene core?

A

Harder

Tougher

233
Q

Suggest why the demand for ammonia has increased

A

World population increased

Demand for fertiliser increased

234
Q

Name given to a useful product such as methylated spirit

A

Formulation

235
Q

Use of formulation

A

Solvent and fuel

236
Q

Describe how ethanol is produced from sugar solution

A

Fermentation
Add yeast
Warm or anaerobic conditions

237
Q

Gas produced when sodium is added to ethanol

A

Hydrogen

238
Q

The percentages of co2 and o2 have changed from earths early stompshere to our atmosphere today, explain the processes that led to these changes

A 
CO2 decreased
Volcanoes released water vapour 
This condensed to form oceans
Carbonates produced sediments and carbon become locked up in these sediment rocks 
Oxygen increased 
Plants evolved
Absorb co2
By photosynthesis 
Released oxygen
239
Q

Why are scientists not certain about the oerventage of each gas in the earths early atmosphere

A

Limited evidende

240
Q

What’s 2 potential mistakes of chromatography

A

Start like draw in ink
Ink dissolves and runs in solvent
Water used as solvent
Colours won’t move

241
Q

If a chromotography paper only has one dot, what can we conclude?

A

It has one colour

242
Q

Suggest why maximum allowed % of CO has been decreased for newer cars

A

CO is toxic

Greater public awareness regarding pollution

243
Q

Describe how oxides of nitrogen are produced when preform is burned in car engines

A

Nitrogen from air reacts with oxygen from air at high temperatures

244
Q

2 effects of atmospheric pollution that are reduced by using catalytic converters

A

Acid rain

Global dimming

245
Q

Explain why increased pressure results in increased rate of reaction

A

More particles per unit volume

Higher frequency of successful collisions

246
Q

Why doesn’t melamine melt when it’s heated

A

It’s a thermosetting polymer so contains cross links

247
Q

Why did proportion of processed solid sludge used as fertiliser increase?

A

Increased demand for food

Landfill space running out

248
Q

Compare Ethene and ethane

A

Both are hydrocarbons and contain 2 carbon atoms
Both have covalent bonds
Ethane contains a single carbon bond whereas Ethene contains a double carbon bond
Ethene de colourises hormone water whereas ethane doesn’t
Ethene is more reactive
Bruh react with oxygen in complete combustion

249
Q

Suggest why only 2 spots are seen on the chromatography paper despite the ink containing more than 2 compounds

A

Some of compounds are colourless

250
Q

Describe how ceramic food plates are produced from clay

A

Clay is shaped and heated in a furnace

251
Q

Explain how soot is formed

A

Incomplete combustion due to insufficient oxygen

252
Q

Explain how reducing the amount of sulfur in fossil fuels reduced erosion of limestone

A

Sulfur reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide
Less sulfur dioxide emitted
Less acid rain
Limestone reacts with acid rain

253
Q

2 naturally occurring polymers produced from glucose

A

Starch and cellulose

254
Q

Describe the shape and structure of dna

A

2 polymer chains
Four nucleotides
Double helix

255
Q

Why is it more difficult to produce drinking water from waste water than water in lakes

A

Water needs more stages of treatment due to more microbes and organic matter

256
Q

Compare the polymerisation reaction to produce polyethene with the polymerisation reaction used to produce a polyester

A

Polyethene is produced by addition whereas polyester by condensation
Polyethene produced by Ethene whereas polyester from a carboxylic acid and alcohol
Polyethene is only product
Formed whereas polyester waste is also made

257
Q

Explain how different dyes are separated by paper chromatography

A

Solvent moves through paper
Different dyes have different solubilises in solvent
Different attractions to paper
So carried different distances

258
Q

Explain in terms Dk particles how and why rate of reactions changing during faction of calcium carbonate with HcL

A

Acid particles used up
Less conc of reactants
Fewer frequency of successful collisions so rate if red films decreases

259
Q

Compare Alkenes with alkanes due to their flames

A

Alkenes burn in a smokier flame

260
Q

What was reacting an Alkene and hydrogen make?

A

Alkane

261
Q

When you react and Alkenes with water what do we produce

A

Alcohol

262
Q

What’s a condition for a hydration reaction

A

Water just be in the form of steam with high temp and pressure

263
Q

Have can we increase yield of ethanol

A

Any I reacted Ethene and steam are passed back through catalyst

264
Q

If we ready propene and chlorine, what do we make?

A

Dichloroproane

265
Q

Formula for methanol

A

CH3OH

266
Q

Formula for ethanol

A

C2H5OH

267
Q

2 advantages of producing ethanol by fermentation

A

Low temp means doesn’t require lots of energy

Sugar comes from plants so is renewable

268
Q

Disadvantage of producing ethanol by fermentation

A

Does require lots of energy as we jeee to purify aqueous ethabol

269
Q

Alcohols are…

A

Soluble in water and form neutral solutions

270
Q

As number of carbon signs in alcohol increases, what happens to solubility?

A

Decreases

271
Q

What products do we form when we react ethanol with sodium

A

Sodium ethoxide and hydrogen

272
Q

What do we form when we react ethanol with an oxidising agent

A

Ethanoic acid and watsd

273
Q

Structural formula for methanoic acid and ethanoic acid

A

HCOOH

CH3COOH

274
Q

Why are csrboxykic acids weak

A

Only partially ionise in aqueous solutions

275
Q

When we react ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate what do we produce

A

Sodium Ethanoic co2

And water

276
Q

When we react a carboxylic acid with an alcohol what do we make

A

An ester and water

277
Q

What catalyst is used when we react ethanol with Ethanoic acid

A

Sulfuric acid

278
Q

Do the polymer have single or double carbon bond

A

Single

279
Q

In addition polymers what does the repeating unit have the same atoms as

A

The monomer(eg Ethene)

280
Q

Where are addition polymers formed from

A

Alkenes

281
Q

How can the problem of reproducibility be reduced

A

Use a colorimeter or same printer cross

282
Q

Explain how w measure the volume of gas practical

A

Use a measuring cylinder to place know vol of HcL in flask
Attach flask to bung and delivery tube
Place delivery tube in container filled with water
Place upturned measuring cylinder also filled with water over delivery tube
Add strip of magnesium to HcL
Measure vol of hydrogen gas in measuring cylinder every 10s
Repeat using diff concs of HcL

GCSE Science (8 decks)

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