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GCSE REVISION > physics paper 2 > Flashcards

physics paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a scalar quantity?

A

A scalar quantity only has magnitude, no direction

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2
Q

What is a vector quantity?

A

A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction

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3
Q

Name examples of a scalar quantity

A

Mass, energy, distance, speed, power

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4
Q

Name examples of a vector quantity

A

Force, acceleration, velocity, momentum, displacement

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5
Q

What is the difference between a contact and a non-contact force?

A

Contact forces occur due to the contact between two different objects

Noon-contact forces occur due to attraction or repulsion between objects, so there is no contact

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6
Q

Give examples of a contact force

A

Friction, air resistance, tension

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7
Q

Give examples of a non-contact force

A

Gravitational force, electrostatic force, magnetic force

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8
Q

How do you calculate the resultant force on an object when two forces are acting in a straight line?

A

Add their sizes together

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9
Q

How do you resolve a single force into two components acting at right angles to each other?

A

Split them into vertical and horizontal components

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10
Q

How do you use a vector diagram to determine the resultant of two forces to include both magnitude and direction?

A

The magnitude and direction of the vector represent the magnitude and direction of the physical quantity being represented. You can add them together to find the resultant forces

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11
Q

What is weight?

A

A force due to the pull of gravity on an object

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12
Q

What are some factors that can effect weight?

A

Mass, gravity

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13
Q

Describe the relationship between the extension/compression of an elastic object and the force applied

A

They are directly proportional

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14
Q

Explain how the work done on a spring and the elastic potential energy are equal

A

The Work Done on a spring is equal to the change in Elastic Potential Energy of the spring because they are directly proportional

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15
Q

What is work done?

A

when energy is transferred from one store to another

when a force causes an object to move

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16
Q

Give examples of energy transfers when work is done

A

Electrical energy -> mechanical energy

Electrical energy -> heat energy

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17
Q

Describe the difference between a linear and non-linear relationship between force and extension

A

If there is a linear relationship, Hooke’s Law is obeyed

If there is a non-linear relationship, Hooke’s Law is not obeyed

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18
Q

What is the typical value for a person walking?

A

1.5 m/s

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19
Q

What is the typical value for a person running?

A

3 m/s

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20
Q

What is the typical value for a person cycling?

A

6 m/s

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21
Q

What is the typical value for a car on the motorway?

A

30 m/s

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22
Q

What is the typical value for the speed of sound?

A

330 m/s

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23
Q

How do you measure the average speed of a moving object?

A

Dividing the total distance something travels by the total amount of time it spends traveling

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24
Q

On a distance time graph what is the shape of the line for constant speed?

A

Straight line

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25
Q

On a distance time graph what is the shape of the line for stationary?

A

Flat, horizontal line

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26
Q

On a distance time graph what is the shape of the line for acceleration?

A

Curved line going up

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27
Q

On a distance time graph what is the shape of the line for deceleration?

A

Curved line going down

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28
Q

How do you calculate the speed of an object from a distance-time graph?

A

Work out the gradient of the line

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29
Q

How do you calculate the acceleration at any particular time on a distance-time graph?

A

Draw a tangent on the curved line and work out the gradient of that straight line

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30
Q

On a velocity-time graph, what is the shape of a line for constant speed?

A

Horizontal line

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31
Q

On a velocity-time graph, what is the shape of a line for acceleration?

A

A straight line that is going up

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32
Q

On a velocity-time graph, what is the shape of a line for deceleration?

A

A straight falling line

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33
Q

On a velocity-time graph, what is the shape of a line for stationary?

A

A horizontal line on the time axis

34
Q

How do you calculate acceleration off a velocity time graph?

A

Change in velocity/time taken

35
Q

How do you calculate the distance travelled from a velocity-time graph?

A

Calculate the area beneath all the different triangles and add them all together

36
Q

What is stopping distance?

A

Thinking distance + braking distance

37
Q

What factors may affect a person’s reaction time?

A

Age, fatigue, alcohol and drug use

38
Q

What factors affect braking distance?

A

The speed of the car, the mass of the car, how worn the brakes are, how worn the tyres are, the road surface

39
Q

What dangers are created by large decelerations?

A

The driver may lose control

The brakes may overheat

40
Q

How do you estimate the forces involved in the deceleration of road vehicles in typical situations, like on a public road?

A

Braking force x braking distance = 1/2 x mass x (velocity) squared

41
Q

What is Newton’s first law?

A

An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force

42
Q

What is Newton’s second law?

A

An object will change its velocity in response to a resultant force

F = ma

43
Q

What is Newton’s third law?

A

for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction

44
Q

What is the idea of inertial mass?

A

The ratio of force over acceleration

It is a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object

45
Q

What is the conservation of momentum?

A

total momentum before an event = total momentum after the event

46
Q

What are some examples of momentum?

A

A lorry travelling down the motorway

An elephant walking

47
Q

How do you calculate momentum?

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

48
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

In longitudinal waves, the vibrations are parallel to the direction of wave travel

49
Q

What is a transverse waves?

A

In transverse waves, the vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

50
Q

Name examples of a transverse wave

A

ripples on the surface of water

vibrations in a guitar string

electromagnetic waves - eg light waves, microwaves, radio waves

51
Q

Name examples of a longitudinal wave

A

sound waves

ultrasound waves

seismic P-waves

52
Q

What is amplitude on a wave?

A

The distance from the centre line to the peak of the wave or the very bottom of a trough

53
Q

What is wavelength on a wave?

A

The distance between two peaks or two troughs

54
Q

What is wave speed on a wave?

A

the distance traveled by a given point on a wave in a given interval of time

55
Q

What is time period on a wave?

A

The time it takes for one wavelength to pass a specified point

56
Q

How do you use wave front diagrams to explain refraction in terms of the change of speed that happens when a wave travels from one medium to a different medium?

A

Showing how wavefronts change direction as they cross the boundary between two media with different speeds.

57
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum, from long to short wavelength

A

radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays

58
Q

What are some uses of radio waves?

A

communication such as broadcasting television and radio, communications and satellite transmissions

59
Q

What are some uses of microwaves?

A

cooking food, communications and for satellite communications

60
Q

What are some uses of infrared waves?

A

electrical heaters, cookers for cooking food, short-range communications like remote controls, optical fibres, security systems and thermal imaging cameras which detect people in the dark

61
Q

What are some uses of Visible light?

A

photography and illumination

62
Q

What are some uses of x-rays?

A

Low-energy X-rays are used for medical and industrial imaging. High-energy X-rays are used to treat cancer

63
Q

What are some uses of UV rays?

A

medical and forensic photography, air purification, disinfection, medical therapy

64
Q

What are some uses of gamma rays?

A

sterilising food and medical instruments, and in the treatment and detection of cancer

65
Q

What is the relationship between wave length, frequency and energy?

A

As wave length increases, frequency and energy decreases

As wave length decreases, frequency and energy increases

66
Q

What are the hazardous effects of UV rays?

A

damage skin cells and lead to skin cancer and damage the eyes, it can cause skin to age prematurely

67
Q

What are the hazardous effects of x-rays?

A

Can cause cancer, has harmful effects on skin (increases chances of cells mutating and dividing uncontrollably, leading to skin cancer)

68
Q

What are the hazardous effects of gamma rays?

A

Can cause cancer, has harmful effects on skin (increases chances of cells mutating and dividing uncontrollably, leading to skin cancer)

69
Q

How do different materials cause electromagnetic waves to reflect?

A

Specular reflection - Reflection from a smooth, flat surface that causes light rays to reflect at the same angle

Diffuse reflection - Reflection on a rough surface that causes light rays to scatter when reflected

70
Q

How do different materials cause electromagnetic waves to refract?

A

FAST- Faster - Away / Slower - Towards

71
Q

How do you construct ray diagrams to illustrate the refraction of a wave at a boundary?

A

Step 1: Draw a parallel ray on the left

Step 2: Draw the refracted ray at the first surface

Step 3: Draw the refracted ray at the second surface

72
Q

How do you tell the difference between a permanent magnet and an induced magnet?

A

An induced magnet only becomes magnetic when placed inside a magnetic field. The induced magnetism is quickly lost when the magnet is removed from the magnetic field

73
Q

What are some magnetic materials?

A

Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Stainless steel

74
Q

How do the magnetic field lines indicate the strength of the magnetic field?

A

If the lines are close together the magnetic force is great, if the lines are spread out the force is weak

75
Q

How do you use a compass to plot the magnetic field around a bar magnet?

A

place the plotting compass near the magnet on a piece of paper.

mark the direction the compass needle points.

move the plotting compass to many different positions in the magnetic field, marking the needle direction each time.

join the points to show the field lines.

76
Q

Why does a compass point north?

A

Earth’s magnetic north pole is near Earth’s geographic south, and they attract

77
Q

How do you increase the strength of an electromagnet?

A

increasing current.

increasing the number of turns on the solonoid.

adding an iron core.

78
Q

How do you use the right hand rule to tell which direction the magnetic field would travel in?

A

Hold out your right hand with your thumbs tucked in and your thumb pointing upwards: the thumb is equal to the direction of current. the fingers are equal to the magnetic field direction

79
Q

How do you use Fleming’s left hand rule to predict the force on a wire?

A

pointer finger in the direction the current is flowing

middle finger in the direction of the magnetic field

and thumb in the direction the wire is pushed

Point the designated fingers in the direction they are meant to go, leaving you with the direction of the force.

80
Q

What are the factors that affect the size of the force on the conductor?

A

Current: The larger the current, the larger the force

Length: The longer the length of the conductor, the larger the force

Magnetic Flux Density: The higher the density, the more magnetic field lines and the larger the force on the conductor

81
Q

How does an electric motor work?

A

Direct current runs through the wire and experiences a force (the motor effect) exerted on it by the magnetic field. This force causes the coil of wire to turn

GCSE REVISION (9 decks)

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