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GCSE Combined Science > Physics Paper 2 > Flashcards

Physics Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a vector quantity?

A

A quantity with magnitude and direction

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2
Q

Give 2 examples of vector quantities.

A

Displacement, velocity

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3
Q

What is a scalar quantity?

A

A quantity with magnitude only

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4
Q

Give 2 examples of scalar quantities.

A

Distance, speed

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5
Q

What is the typical speed for walking?

A

1.5m/s

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6
Q

What is the typical speed for running?

A

3m/s

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7
Q

What is the typical speed for cycling?

A

6m/s

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8
Q

What is the typical speed for a car?

A

13 - 30m/s

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9
Q

What formula relates speed, distance and time?

A

Speed = distance/time v = s/t

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10
Q

What is velocity?

A

Speed in a given direction; rate of change of displacement

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11
Q

What is acceleration?

A

Rate of change of velocity

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12
Q

What is represented by the enclosed area in a velocity-time graph?

A

Distance travelled

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13
Q

What formula links velocity, time and acceleration?

A

Acceleration = change in velocity/time taken
a = v/t

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14
Q

(HT) What are the characteristics of speed and velocity in a circular orbit?

A

Constant speed, changing velocity

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15
Q

State Newton’s first law of motion

A

If there is no resultant force on an object, it ill continue with a constant velocity if moving or remain at rest if stationary

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16
Q

What does Newton’s first law tell us about objects moving with uniform velocity?

A

The resultant force on the object must be zero

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17
Q

What does Newton’s first law tell us about objects moving with changing speed or direction?

A

There must be a resultant force on the object

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18
Q

State Newton’s second law of motion

A

Force = mass x acceleration
F = ma

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19
Q

(HT) What is inertial mass?

A

A measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object: the ratio of force over acceleration

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20
Q

State Newton’s third law of motion

A

Every force is paired with an equal and opposite reaction force

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21
Q

(HT) What is momentum?

A

The quantity of motion of a moving object: the product of mass and velocity

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22
Q

(HT) What is the formula for momentum?

A

Momentum = mass x velocity
p = mv

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23
Q

(HT) What happens to momentum in collisions?

A

It is conserved: total momentum before the collision = total momentum after the collision

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24
Q

What dangers are caused by large decelerations in events such as car crashes?

A

Large forces on passenger can lead to serious injury

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25
Q

What is a typical human reaction time?

A

0.25s

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26
Q

Describe 2 ways of measuring reaction time

A

Dropping a ruler and catching it, computerised tests involving pressing a button in response to seeing something on the screen - time recorded by the computer

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27
Q

What is stopping distance?

A

The total distance travelled by a car during the time between the driver seeing the hazard and the car coming to rest

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28
Q

What is thinking distance?

A

The distance travelled by the car while the driver reacts to the hazard

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29
Q

What is braking distance?

A

The distance travelled by the car while the brakes do work on the wheels to bring them to a stop

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30
Q

What factors affect thinking distance?

A

Speed, alcohol, drugs, tiredness, distractions

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31
Q

What factors affect stopping distance?

A

Speed, condition of the road, weather conditions, condition of tyres, condition of brakes

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32
Q

What are the units of velocity?

A

m/s
metres per second

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33
Q

What are the units of acceleration?

A

m/s2
metres per second per second

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34
Q

What are the units of force?

A

N (newtons)

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35
Q

What are the units of displacement?

A

m (metres)

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36
Q

(HT) What are the units of momentum?

A

kg m/s (kilogram-metres per second)

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37
Q

Name 3 non-contact forces

A

Gravity, electrostatic, magnetism

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38
Q

Name 2 contact forces

A

Friction, the normal contact force

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39
Q

What is weight?

A

The force on an object due to its mass in a gravitational field

40
Q

What is the unit of weight?

A

N (newtons)

41
Q

What formula relates weight, mass and gravitational field strength?

A

W = mg
Weight = mass x gravitational field strength

42
Q

What conditions must occur in order for an object to be bent, compressed or stretched?

A

More than one force must be applied

43
Q

What is the difference between elastic and inelastic deformation?

A

Elastic deformation: the object will return to its original size and shape.
Inelastic deformation: the object will not return to its original size and shape.

44
Q

What is “work done”?

A

The energy transferred when a force is used to move an object across a distance

45
Q

What formula relates work done, force, and distance?

A

W = fd
Work done = force × distance

46
Q

What is 1 newton-metre equivalent to?

A

1 joule

47
Q

What is a typical speed for a train?

A

56m/s

48
Q

What is a typical speed for a plane?

A

250m/s

49
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave?

A

The maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its undisturbed position

50
Q

What is the wavelength of a wave?

A

The distance across one complete wave cycle

51
Q

What is the time period of a wave?

A

The time for one complete wave cycle to pass a point

52
Q

What is the frequency of a wave?

A

The number of wave cycles to pass a point per second

53
Q

What formula links wave velocity, frequency, and wavelength?

A

v = fλ
velocity = frequency × wavelength

54
Q

What are the features of transverse waves?

A

The wave travels at right angles to the direction of oscillations

55
Q

What are the features of longitudinal waves?

A

The wave travels parallel to the direction of oscillations

56
Q

Give an example of transverse waves

A

Ripples on water

57
Q

Give an example of longitudinal waves

A

Sound waves

58
Q

Describe evidence for the fact that ripples on water transfer energy but not matter

A

An object floating on water will bob up and down but will not move across when a wave travels across the water

59
Q

Describe evidence for the fact that sound waves in air transfer energy but not matter

A

A helium balloon will move side-to-side but will not travel across when a sound wave travels through the air

60
Q

What is the unit for wavelength?

A

m (metres)

61
Q

Name the 7 groups in the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Radio, microwaves, infra-red, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays

62
Q

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum can our eyes detect?

A

Visible (light)

63
Q

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the longest wavelength/lowest frequency?

A

Radio

64
Q

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the shortest wavelength/ highest frequency?

A

Gamma

65
Q

(HT) What 4 things can happen when a wave interacts with matter?

A

Absorption, transmission, reflection, refraction

66
Q

(HT) What 2 things does the interaction of a wave with matter depend on?

A

The material and the frequency of the wave

67
Q

(HT) What causes refraction?

A

Changes to a wave’s velocity in different media

68
Q

(HT) What happens to wave fronts when a wave travels from a less dense to a more dense medium?

A

They get closer together

69
Q

(HT) How can radio waves be produced by a circuit?

A

Alternating p.d. causes electrons in the circuit to oscillate, emitting radio waves

70
Q

(HT) What happens when radio waves are absorbed by a wire in a circuit?

A

Electrons in the circuit absorb the waves and oscillate, producing an alternating current

71
Q

Describe two ways that atoms can produce electromagnetic waves

A

Changes in the nucleus (oscillating proton) or changes to electrons (changing distance from nucleus)

72
Q

Changes in the nucleus (oscillating proton) or changes to electrons (changing distance from nucleus)

A

Electrons can be moved to different distances from the nucleus or they can be knocked out and the atom becomes ionised

73
Q

State a use of radio waves

A

Television and radio communication

74
Q

State 2 uses of microwaves

A

Satellite communication (inc. mobile phones), cooking

75
Q

State three uses of infra-red waves

A

Night-vision cameras, remote controls, cooking

76
Q

State a use of visible light

A

Fibre-optics

77
Q

State 3 uses of ultra-violet light

A

Fluorescent light bulbs, tanning beds, counterfeit note detection

78
Q

State 2 uses of X-rays

A

X-ray photography for medical diagnosis, security scans for airport luggage

79
Q

State 2 uses of gamma waves

A

Radiotherapy, sterilising medical equipment

80
Q

What factors affect the frequency of an electromagnetic wave?

A

The type of charged particle oscillating; the frequency of the oscillation

81
Q

Give 2 examples of electromagnetic waves transferring energy from emitter to absorber

A

Energy is transferred from the Sun (emitter) via visible light to the Earth (absorber); energy is transferred from an X-ray machine (emitter) via X-rays to bones and photographic plate (absorbers)

82
Q

What are the hazards from UV waves?

A

Ageing of the skin, ionisation in cells can lead to skin cancer

83
Q

What are the hazards from X-rays and gamma rays?

A

Ionisation in cells can lead to cancer

84
Q

What 3 things do all electromagnetic waves have in common?

A

They are all transverse waves, they all travel at the same speed in a vacuum, they all transfer energy from emitter to absorber

85
Q

Describe the force between like poles

A

Repels

86
Q

Describe the force between unlike poles

A

Attracts

87
Q

What is a permanent magnet?

A

A magnet that creates its own magnetic field

88
Q

What is an induced magnet?

A

An object that has a magnetic field due to being in the magnetic field of another magnet

89
Q

What direction does a magnetic field always act in?

A

From north to south

90
Q

Where is a magnetic field the strongest?

A

Next to the poles of the magnet

91
Q

What happens to the strength of a magnetic field as you move further from the magnet?

A

It decreases

92
Q

How do magnetic compasses provide evidence that the Earth’s core must be magnetic?

A

The compass needle always points
North, indicating that it is aligning itself with a magnetic field from the Earth

93
Q

What is the magnetic field like around a current-carrying wire?

A

Circular around the wire

94
Q

What factors affect the strength of a magnetic field due to a current-carrying wire?

A

Strength of the current, distance from the wire

95
Q

How does a solenoid enhance the magnetic field due to a current-carrying wire?

A

When a current-carrying wire is wrapped around an iron core, the iron becomes an induced magnet and its field combines with that of the wire.

96
Q

How does an electric motor work?

A

The force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field pushes one side of a coil down and the other side up.

GCSE Combined Science (6 decks)

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