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GCSE Combined Science > Biology Paper 2 > Flashcards

Biology Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of the human nervous system?

A

The nervous system detects stimuli from the internal or external environment and uses electrical impulses to bring about fast, but short-lived, responses

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2
Q

Describe 2 ways of measuring reaction time

A

Dropping a ruler and catching it, computerised tests involving pressing a button in response to seeing something on the screen time recorded by the computer

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3
Q

Summarise the order of how the nervous system works.

A

Stimuli, receptor, sensory neurone, CNS, motor neurone, effector, response

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4
Q

Name 3 types of neurone

A

Sensory, Motor and Relay

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5
Q

What is a synapse and how does it work?

A

The method by which a nervous impulse crosses the gap between neurones.
1. Impulse arrives at the end of neurone A
2. Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic gap
3. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic gap
4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on neurone B
5. A new electrical impulse is generated in neurone B

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6
Q

What neurone is involved in a reflex?

A

Relay

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7
Q

Why are reflexes important?

A

Reactions to remove your body from danger

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8
Q

Why are reflexes faster?

A

They do not involve the brain, therefore no conscious thought

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9
Q

What is a receptor? State 3 examples

A

Cells that detect stimuli (changes in the internal or external environment).
Eyes, ears, skin, thermoreceptors, pressure receptors, tongue, nose

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10
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environment (internal/external)

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11
Q

What carries out a response? Give 3 examples

A

Effectors- Muscle, gland or organ

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12
Q

How is a nerve cell adapted?

A

The cell body contains the cytoplasm and nucleus (the control centre of the cell)
The axon is a long extension of the cytoplasm (can be up to 1m). This means nerve impulses can be transmitted to the extremities by one cell
The myelin sheath is a fatty layer that surrounds the axon. The sheath acts as an insulator and speeds up nerve impulses.
The branched ends of the axon and the smaller branches coming from the cell body allow the neurone to make connections with many other neurones

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13
Q

What is the endocrine system made of?

A

Gland and hormones

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14
Q

How are chemical messages transported around the body?

A

Glands release hormones into bloodstream, which then travel to the target organ to produce an effect

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15
Q

What is produced if blood glucose is a) too high or b) too low?

A

a) Insulin
b) Glucagon

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16
Q

Name 2 places in the body where glycogen is stored.

A

Muscles and liver

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17
Q

What is the process called that restores the body back to normal levels?

A

Negative feedback

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18
Q

How is water lost from the body?

A

Urine, respiration, sweating, breathing

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19
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

To filter the blood and remove waste materials such as toxins and urea

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20
Q

Name the hormones involved in reproduction (male and female)

A

Testosterone
Oestrogen
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinising hormone

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21
Q

State the names and functions of the hormones in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH - Matures the egg
Oestrogen- Causes uterus lining to thicken and stop FSH production
LH - Releases the mature egg
Progesterone - Maintains uterus lining and stops FSH and LH production

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22
Q

What are the 2 main categories of contraception?

A

Physical barriers and chemical methods

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23
Q

Summarise the stages of IVF

A
  1. Mother given FSH and LH to mature several eggs
  2. Eggs collected and fertilised in a laboratory
  3. Fertilised eggs develop into embryos
  4. Some embryos are inserted into the mothers uterus
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24
Q

State 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of fertility
treatment.

A

Disadvantages- emotionally draining, physically stressful, low success rate, multiple births
Advantages- allows pregnancy when not possible, embryo screened for genetic disorders

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25
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

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26
Q

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction involves 2 parents and produces genetically different offspring, asexual involves one parent and produces genetically identical offspring

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27
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Advantages - variation, increases diversity, species can adapt to new environments, disease is less likely to have an impact
Disadvantages - long time, energy is needed, not possible for an isolated individual

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28
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Advantages - produce large quantities of identical offspring, quic, easy, no variation
Disadvantages - genetic disorders are passed on, no variation

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29
Q

What organism uses both sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Plants

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30
Q

What type of cell division forms gametes?

A

Meiosis

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31
Q

Name the gametes in animals.

A

Sperm and egg

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32
Q

Name the gametes in plants.

A

Ovule and pollen

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33
Q

What does sexual reproduction lead to that asexual does not?

A

Variation

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34
Q

What effect does meiosis have on chromosome number?

A

Halves it

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35
Q

When a new cell is formed by fertilisation, what type of cell division takes place?

A

Mitosis

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36
Q

What is the process by which cells develop into specific types?

A

Differentiation

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37
Q

Where is genetic material found?

A

Nucleus

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38
Q

Describe the structure of DNA.

A

Double helix

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39
Q

What is a gene and what is its function?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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40
Q

What is the Human Genome Project?

A

Mapping of all the genes in a human

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41
Q

State 3 ways in which understanding the Human Genome Project is important.

A

To search for genes linked to different types of disease

To understand and treat inherited disorders

To trace early human migration patterns

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42
Q

Where does protein synthesis happen in a cell?

A

Ribosome

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43
Q

What is a change in the sequence of DNA called?

A

Mutation

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44
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene

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45
Q

What is the difference between a dominant and recessive allele?

A

Dominant - The individual only needs one copy of this allele for its phenotype to be seen
Recessive - The individual needs two copies of this allele for its phenotype to be seen

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46
Q

What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous?

A

Homozygous - The individual has two identical alleles for this gene
Heterozygous - The individual has two different alleles for this gene

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47
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype - The genetic makeup of an organism for a particular gene (e.g. RR)
Phenotype - The displayed characteristics due to the interactions between alleles (e.g. red flowers)

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48
Q

What are the genotypes for a a) male and b) female?

A

Male XY, female XX

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49
Q

What is variation?

A

Variation is differences between organisms within the same species or between different species

50
Q

State 3 causes of variation

A

Environmental, genetic, combination of both

51
Q

What is evolution?

A

The gradual development/ changing of an organism from an earlier form

52
Q

What is a species?

A

Organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

53
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process by which evolution takes place - those with favourable characteristics (best suited to environment) more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes

54
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

The process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics

55
Q

State 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of selective breeding.

A

AD: Desired characteristics can be inherited, increased profit for items that you can increase yield
DIS: Inbreeding - some breeds are prone to disease or inherited defects may not get the characteristics you desire

56
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic

57
Q

What structures present in a prokaryote are used in genetic engineering?

A

Plasmids

58
Q

What are used to “cut out” and “stick” an inserted section of DNA?

A

Cut - restriction enzymes
Stick - ligase enzymes

59
Q

State 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of genetic engineering

A

AD: Improved growth rates / Increased yield / Increased food quality / Produce human proteins / enzymes as medicine
DIS: Unknown effects on populations of wild flowers / Unknown effects on populations of insects / Some people feel the effects of eating GM crops / Effects on healthy humans have not been fully explored

60
Q

State 2 uses of genetic engineering

A

Insulin production, disease resistant crops, monoclonal antibodies

61
Q

Who is credited with the theory of natural selection and evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

62
Q

State the 3 stages of natural selection

A
  1. Individual organisms within a particular species show a wide range of variation for a characteristic
  2. Individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive to breed successfully
  3. The characteristics that have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation
63
Q

What is speciation?

A

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

64
Q

What are fossils?

A

The remains of organisms from millions of years ago, found in rocks

65
Q

What is an evolutionary tree?

A

Can be used to determine how much or how little organisms have changed as life developed on Earth

66
Q

What do the junctions between the lines on an evolutionary tree mean?

A

Evolutionary trees are used to represent the relationships between organisms

67
Q

What do the junctions between the lines on an evolutionary tree mean?

A

A common ancestor of two species

68
Q

What is extinction?

A

When there are no remaining individuals of a species still alive

69
Q

State 3 ways that extinction could occur.

A

Changes to the environment over geological time; lack of food/prey; new predators; new diseases; new, more successful competitors: single catastrophic event / natural disaster

70
Q

State the title at each classification level

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class Order, Family, Genus, Species

71
Q

Which 2 levels are used in the binomial naming system?

A

Genus and Species

72
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

73
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

The interaction of a community with the abiotic parts of the environment

74
Q

What do organisms need to survive and reproduce?

A

Water, food, light, space, oxygen, carbon dioxide, mates

75
Q

State 4 things that a plant competes for

A

Water, space, light, carbon dioxide, oxygen

76
Q

State 4 things that an animal competes for

A

Food, sexual mates, hierarchy, territory

77
Q

Describe the differences between biotic and abiotic factors (give an example of each)

A

Abiotic is a non living factor such as temperature or carbon dioxide.
Biotic is a living factor such as a predator or disease.

78
Q

What is an extremophile? Give an example

A

(micro)organisms that live in environments that are very extreme (eg. high temp, pressure, salt conc)

79
Q

Write a 4-stage food chain and label the producer, secondary consumer, primary consumer, tertiary consumer, herbivore, carnivore and omnivore.

A

Example must start with a plant (producer)
Followed by an organism that eats the plant (primary consumer), followed by a secondary consumer then a tertiary consumer.

80
Q

Describe the difference between a predator and its prey.

A

Predator is an animal that eats prey.
Prey is the animal that gets eaten.

81
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

A measure of the variety of all the different species of organisms within an ecosystem

82
Q

What does having greater biodiversity ensure stability in an ecosystem?

A

Each species becomes less dependent on specific species for food/shelter –> less pressure on certain species which could’ve lead to extinction –> all species populations are balanced

83
Q

State 2 methods to determine the distribution and abundance of species in an ecosystem.

A

Random sampling using a quadrat
Systematic sampling using a transect

84
Q

What are the differences between random and systematic sampling?

A

Random sampling can be used to measure the distribution of one organism over a large area, systematic sampling can be used to see how the distribution of organisms change across one or more habitats.

85
Q

Name 3 substances that can be recycled in our atmosphere.

A

Carbon, nitrogen and water

86
Q

State 3 process that return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

A

Respiration, combustion, decomposition

87
Q

What uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

A

Plants

88
Q

Where does fresh water for plants and animals come from?

A

Ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams and underground

89
Q

State 3 factors that affect the rate of decay of biological material.

A

Availability of oxygen, temperature and moisture levels

90
Q

How do humans affect the amount of land for animals and plants?

A

Reduce the amount of land by deforestation for farming, agriculture or building

91
Q

What is a peat bog?

A

Very wet areas of land without trees and where many types of moss grow. They are acidic and often have very low levels of nutrients. Lots of partially decayed organic material.

92
Q

Why are peat bogs being destroyed? What is the impact of this?

A

To use as fuels or for agriculture. The impact is that when they are destroyed, they no longer take in large amounts of carbon and store it so contribute to the greenhouse effect and increased carbon dioxide levels.

93
Q

As population increases what is happening to a) resources and b) amount of pollution?

A

a) Resources are decreasing
b) Pollution is increasing

94
Q

How is water, air and land polluted?

A

Water - litter, fertiliser, chemicals, pesticides
Air - Greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulates
Land - litter, chemicals

95
Q

What is the impact of pollution on biodiversity?

A

Reduces biodiversity

96
Q

Why is a reduction in biodiversity concerning?

A

Reduced genetic diversity in organisms, can lead to extinction of species

97
Q

Give 3 causes of deforestation.

A
  1. Provide land for cattle or rice fields
  2. Grow crops for biofuels
  3. To clear space for building
98
Q

Which 2 gases are increasing in the atmosphere that are contributing to global warming?

A
  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Methane
99
Q

State 3 consequences of global warming.

A
  1. Increased spread of pathogens
  2. Affecting migration patterns of animals
  3. Melting of polar ice caps, causing flooding
  4. Reduced habitats in polar regions
  5. Reduced biodiversity
100
Q

State 3 positives and 3 negatives about human interaction in an ecosystem.

A

POSITIVE
1. Breeding programmes for endangered species
2. Protection and regeneration of rare habitats
3. Reintroduction of field margins and hedgerows in agricultural areas where farmers grow only one type of crop
4. Reduction of deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions by some governments
5. Recycling resources rather than dumping waste in landfill
NEGATIVE
1. Clearing of land for agriculture, buildings and/or transport
2. Hunting of rare species
3. Mining from the land

101
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

The position a species occupies in a food chain.

102
Q

What type of organisms are found in trophic level 1?

A

Plants and algae.

103
Q

What group of organisms break down dead, organic material?

A

Decomposers (microorganisms).

104
Q

What do pyramids of biomass represent?

A

The relative amount of biomass in each level of a food chain.

105
Q

Approximately how much light is absorbed by plants?

A

1%-2%

106
Q

State 2 ways in which biomass is lost through a food chain.

A
  1. Not all the ingested material is absorbed.
    some is egested as faces
  2. Some absorbed material is lost as waste, such as carbon dioxide and water in respiration and water and urea in urine
107
Q

Approximately how much energy is transferred between each trophic level?

A

10%

108
Q

What is global dimming?

A

Global dimming is defined as the decrease in the amounts of solar radiation reaching the surface of the Earth

109
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Proteins on cell surface for cell recognition

110
Q

What is a toxin?

A

A chemical or antigen that causes illness

111
Q

What drugs must patients who receive a transplant take? Why?

A

Immunosuppressant drugs to prevent rejection

112
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When a phagocyte is attracted to a pathogen, binds to it, then engulfs it.
Enzymes then break down the pathogen.

113
Q

Describe the role of T Cells.

A

Some can destroy cells and other stimulate an immune response

114
Q

Describe the roles of B Cells.

A

Release antibodies

115
Q

What is the purpose of a memory cell?

A

Remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections.

116
Q

What are the differences between active and passive immunity?

A

Active immunity is when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease and produces antibodies. Passive immunity is when antibodies are transferred.

117
Q

Why is the secondary response quicker than the primary immune response?

A

Memory cells already know what antibodies to make to destroy the pathogen. This is done in a much quicker time than when you first encounter the pathogen

118
Q

What are antibodies?

A

A protein produced in response to a specific antigen

119
Q

What pathogen do antibiotics treat?

A

Bacteria

120
Q

How might an antibiotic be useless against a bacteria?

A

The bacteria may be resistant to the antibiotic

GCSE Combined Science (6 decks)

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