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GCSE Combined Science > Physics Paper 1 > Flashcards

Physics Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gravitational potential energy store?

A

Energy an object has because it is above the Earth’s Surface

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2
Q

What is the formula for gravitational potential energy?

A

Ep = m g h (g . p . e = mass x gravitational field strength x height)

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3
Q

What is a kinetic energy store?

A

Energy an object has because it is moving

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4
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy?

A

Ek = 1/2 m v 2 (kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x (speed)2

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5
Q

What is chemical energy store?

A

Energy stored in chemical bonds, such as between molecules: food, fuel and batteries

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6
Q

What is an elastic potential energy store?

A

The energy stored when an object is stretched or compressed.

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7
Q

What is internal (thermal) energy store?

A

Energy stored by an object because of it is warm: the total kinetic and potential energy of the particles in an object

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8
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1℃

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9
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transferred, stored or dissipated

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10
Q

What is a system?

A

An object or group of objects

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11
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system which energy cannot leave or enter

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12
Q

What is dissipation?

A

When energy spreads out into less useful stores, usually increasing the thermal store of the surroundings

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13
Q

What is power?

A

Rate of energy transfer

Rate of work done

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14
Q

What is the formula that links power, energy transferred and time

A

P = E/t (Power = energy transferred/time)

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15
Q

What is the formula that links power, work done and time

A

P = W/t (Power = work done/time)

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16
Q

What is the unit for energy?

A

J (joules)

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17
Q

What is the unit for power?

A

W (watts)

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18
Q

What two factors affect the rate of thermal energy transfers?

A

Thermal conductivity of the material, thickness of material

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19
Q

Give two ways of reducing unwanted energy transfers

A

Thermal insulation of heated buildings; lubrication of moving parts

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20
Q

What are the two formulas for efficiency?

A

efficiency = useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer

efficiency = useful power output / total power input

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21
Q

(HT) Desribe two ways of increasing efficiency

A

Reduce unwanted energy transfers e.g. bu lubricating moving parts or insulating to reduce unwanted heat transfers

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22
Q

What is a renewable energy resource?

A

A renewable energy resource is one that is being (or can be) replenished as it is used.

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23
Q

Name the 4 non-renewable energy resources.

A

The fossil fuels: coal, oil and gas
Nuclear

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24
Q

Name 4 renewable energy resources

A

Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biofuels

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25
Q

State the advantages of using fossil fuels

A

Helps meet current demand
Reliable
Cheap to extract and use

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26
Q

State the disadvantages of using fossil fuels

A

Produces greenhouse gases
Causes pollution
Oil spills

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27
Q

State the advantages of using nuclear energy

A

Does not produce greenhouse gases or pollute the atmosphere
Reliable

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28
Q

State the disadvantages of using nuclear energy

A

Produces radioactive waste
Expsensive to build and run power stations

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29
Q

State the advantages of using biofuels

A

The CO2 released when burning the fuel is balanced by CO2 absorbed by the plant when growing it

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30
Q

State the disadvantages of using biofuels

A

Consumes resources and land that could be used to produce food

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31
Q

State the advantages of using wind energy

A

Does not produce greenhouse gases or pollute the atmosphere
Land can still be used for farming

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32
Q

State the disadvantages of using wind energy

A

Unreliable
Noise pollution
Visual pollution

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33
Q

State the advantages of using solar energy

A

Does not produce greenhouse gases or pollute the atmosphere
Good for producing energy in remote locations

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34
Q

State the disadvantages of using solar energy

A

Not reliable
Solar farms can use up farm land

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35
Q

What is current?

A

The rate of flow of electrical charge

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36
Q

What is needed for current to flow?

A

A potential difference and a closed circuit

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37
Q

What formula links current, charge and time?

A

Q = It (Charge = current x time)

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38
Q

What is the unit of charge?

A

C (Coulombs)

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39
Q

What is the unit of current?

A

A (Amps)

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40
Q

What is resistance?

A

The opposition to the flow of current

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41
Q

What is the unit of resistance?

A

Ω (Ohms)

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42
Q

What is the unit of potential difference?

A

V (Volts)

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43
Q

What formula links potential difference, curent and resistance?

A

V = IR (potential difference = current x resistance)

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44
Q

How do we measure current?

A

With an ammeter in series

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45
Q

How can we measure potential difference?

A

With a voltmeter in parallel

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46
Q

How do we find the resistance of a component or circuit?

A

Find the current and potential difference, then use the formula V = IR

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47
Q

What is this component?

A

Open switch

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48
Q

What is this component?

A

Closed switch

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49
Q

What is this component?

A

Cell

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50
Q

What is this component?

A

Battery

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51
Q

What is this component?

A

Diode

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52
Q

What is this component?

A

Resistor

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53
Q

What is this component?

A

Variable resistor

54
Q

What is this component?

A

LED

55
Q

What is this component?

A

lamp

56
Q

What is this component?

A

fuse

57
Q

What is this component?

A

voltmeter

58
Q

What is this component?

A

ammeter

59
Q

What is this component?

A

thermistor

60
Q

What is this component?

A

LDR

61
Q

What is the difference between series and parallel?

A

Components in series are on the same loop of the circuit; components in parallel are in separate loops

62
Q

What happens to the current in series?

A

Stays the same

63
Q

What happens to current in parallel?

A

Splits up then recombines

64
Q

What happens to the potential difference in series?

A

Total p.d. is split across the components

65
Q

What happens to potential differences in parallel?

A

Stays the same

66
Q

What happens to resistance in series?

A

Total resistance is the sum of the resistances of all the components

67
Q

What happens to resistance in parallel?

A

Total resistance is lower than the resistance of the component with the smallest resistance

68
Q

What is the difference between direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC)?

A

In DC, the charges move continuously in one direction. In AC, charges continuously change direction (pd.is continuously changed direction)

69
Q

Describe 3 features of UK mains electricity

A

230V, AC, 50Hz

70
Q

In a 3-core cable, what are the features of the live wire?

A

Alternates its potential difference from maximum +325V to -325V 50 times per second

71
Q

In a 3-core cable, what are the features of the neutral wire?

A

Potential difference = 0V - completes the circuit between the appliance and the local substation

72
Q

In a 3-core cable, what are the features of the earth wire?

A

Potential difference = 0V - only carries current in the event of a fault

73
Q

Why is the live wire dangerous even when the switch in a mains circuit is open?

A

Because it is at a very high p.d. compared to earth, so that if a person touched it they would be electrocuted as current flowed through them to earth

74
Q

What formula links power, potential difference and current?

A

P=VI
Power = potential difference x current

75
Q

What formula links power, current and resistance?

A

P=I2R
Power = current x current x resistance

76
Q

How is electrical power transferred in the National Grid?

A

At very high potential difference between power stations and consumers, then stepped down to 230V before use.

77
Q

Why is transferring electrical power at very high potential difference across long distances an efficient method?

A

Because power lost due to heating is proportional to I2, a higher pd means a lower I and therefore less power lost

78
Q

What is this component?

A

Diode

79
Q

What is this component?

A

LDR

80
Q

What is this component?

A

Thermistor

81
Q

What component does this graph show?

A

Ohmic conductor

82
Q

What component does this graph show?

A

Filament Lamp

83
Q

What component does this graph show?

A

Diode

84
Q

Why does resistance increase in series but decrease in parallel?

A

Resistors in series must have the total p.d. shared between them, so current through each is lower. Adding more resistors in parallel draws more current as each has the same p.d. across it.

85
Q

What is the formula that links density, mass and volume?

A

density = mass/volume

86
Q

Explain the differences in density between solids, liquids and gases

A

Solids have the highest density (in general) because the particles are closely packed and have little space in between them. Gases are the least dense as there is a lot of space between particles.

87
Q

What is the name for the state change from solid to liquid?

A

Melting

88
Q

What is the name for the state change from liquid to gas?

A

Evaporating/boiling

89
Q

What is the name for the state change from gas to liquid?

A

Condensing

90
Q

What is the name for the state change from liquid to solid?

A

Freezing

91
Q

What is the name for the state change from solid to gas?

A

Sublimation

92
Q

What happens to mass during a state change?

A

Remains constant

93
Q

What happens to the energy stores of a system when you heat it?

A

It increases

94
Q

What two things can happen when you heat a system?

A

Its temperature can increase or its state can change

95
Q

What is the difference between specific heat capacity and latent heat?

A

Specific heat capacity describes thermal energy being used to increase temperature (kinetic energy of particles) whereas latent heat describes thermal energy being used to change the state of a substance (increase the potential energy of particles)

96
Q

How does increasing the temperature of a gas at constant volume affect the pressure of the gas?

A

Pressure will increase

97
Q

Describe the structure of the atom.

A

Positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons

98
Q

Where is almost all of the mass of the atom?

A

In the nucleus

99
Q

How does the radius of the nucleus compare to the radius of the atom?

A

The nucleus is muc muc smaller than the atom

100
Q

What is the nucleus of the atom composed of?

A

Protons and neutrons

101
Q

What fo all nuclei of atoms of the same element have in common?

A

Number of protons

102
Q

How can atoms of the same element differ in mass?

A

By having different numbers of neutrons

103
Q

What was the plum-pudding model of the atom?

A

An early model of the atom where the atom was a ball of positive charge with negative electrons scattered throughout

104
Q

Why was the plum-pudding model of the atom proposed?

A

Because electrons had been discovered and were known to be smaller than atoms and to have a negative charge

105
Q

What was the nuclear model of the atom?

A

The model that was proposed after the plum-pudding model, with atoms having a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by negative electrons

106
Q

Why was the nuclear model of the atom proposed?

A

Because the alpha-particle scattering experiment produced evidence that could not be explained by the plum-pudding model

107
Q

How are electrons arranged around the atomic nucleus?

A

Orbit at fixed distances

108
Q

What happens to an atom’s electrons when electromagnetic radiation is absorbed or emitted?

A

Distance from the nucleus may change or outer electrons may be knocked out of the atom

109
Q

What is ionisation?

A

An atom is turned into an ion (charged particle) by the loss or gain of an electron

110
Q

Name the 3 ways an unstable nucleus may become more stable

A

By emitting an alpha particle, beta particle, or neutron

111
Q

What is an alpha particle made of?

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons

112
Q

What is the mass of an alpha particle?

A

4

113
Q

What is the charge (proton number) of an alpha particle?

A

2

114
Q

What are the two symbols for alpha particles?

A

⁴₂He; ⁴₂α

115
Q

What is a beta particle made of?

A

A fast-moving electron

116
Q

What is the mass of a beta particle?

A

Very small

117
Q

What is the charge of a beta particle?

A

-1

118
Q

What are the two symbols for beta particles?

A

⁰-₁β; ⁰-₁e

119
Q

How is the nucleus affected by the emission of an alpha particle?

A

Mass decreases by 4, atomic (proton) number decreases by 2

120
Q

How is the nucleus affected by the emission of a beta particle?

A

Mass stays the same, atomic (proton) number increases by 1

121
Q

How is the nucleus affected by the emission of a gamma wave?

A

There is no change to mass number or atomic number

122
Q

What are the 2 definitions of half-life?

A

The time taken for the number of nuclei to halve; the time taken for the activity to reduce by half

123
Q

How is half-life related to the random nature of radioactive decay?

A

Because radioactive nuclei exist in huge numbers, predictions can be made about overall activity despite individual decays being unpredictable.

124
Q

How do the penetration properties of alpha-particles, beta-particles and gamma waves
compare?

A

Gamma waves are the most penetrating, beta in the middle, and alpha the least penetrating.

125
Q

What is the difference between contamination and irradiation?

A

In contamination, a radioactive material is transferred to the object in question.
In irradiation, no radioactive material is transferred: the object experiences radiation from a source separate from it.

126
Q

What are the hazards from contamination?

A

Risk of ionisation until the radioactive material has been removed/activity has decreased sufficiently

127
Q

What are the hazards from irradiation?

A

Risk of ionisation while irradiation is happening but no increase risk afterwards

128
Q

What happens to the activity of a radioactive source over time?

A

It reduces according to its half-life but never get to zero

129
Q

How does the half-life affect the risk from a radioactive source?

A

The shorter the half-life, the faster the risk will decrease

130
Q

What is a gamma wave?

A

An electromagnetic wave (no mass or charge) sometimes given out by a nucleus after emitting a particle

131
Q

In atomic notation, what is represented by these symbols?

A

X= element; Y = atomic mass; Z= atomic number (number of protons)

132
Q

What is the relationship between scientific theory and evidence?

A

When new evidence is discovered theories change to fit the evidence

GCSE Combined Science (6 decks)

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