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IGCSE umaima > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

efficiency of a system

A

output/input * 100 1>ans

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2
Q

Define the specific latent heat of fusion of a substance.

A 
(thermal) energy to change state 
 to melt (solid) per kg / unit mass
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3
Q

describe conduction in terms of particles

A

free electrons move from atom to atom in lattce

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4
Q

shiny white in terms of radiation

A

best reflector

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5
Q

show the direction of movement of the wave after it has passed into the shallow water from the deep water

A

perpendicular to the wave fronts of shallow water 90 degrees

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6
Q

dispersion of light compare red and violet

A

red diffracts the least whereas violet diffracts the most (within he prism too!!)

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7
Q 
A teacher shows his class a polystyrene cup. The cup is made from thick plastic with lots of tiny
air bubbles in it.
He asks the class why the cup is so good at keeping a hot drink warm
A

The air is trapped in tiny bubbles so very little convection is possible.

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8
Q

What increases diffraction

A

the gap size must be the same as the wavelength

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9
Q

longitudinal wave

A

particles movement is parallel to the direction of energy transfer

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10
Q

constant speed

A

in equilibrium , forward force = backward force

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11
Q

effect on rarefractions and compressions when lower volume

A

low amplitude means less displacement and so the rarfraction region particles will increase whereas in compression they will decrease and move further away into rarefraction region.

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12
Q

direction of current

A

same direction as proton and opposite direction of electron.

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13
Q

is kinetic enerygy scalar or vctor

A

saclar as the direction does not matter

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14
Q

what happens if there is some air present in the tube of a mercury barometer where there is supposed to be a vaccum

A

reading of atmospheric pressure decreases

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15
Q

when light enters dense to rare

A

multiply sin i by refractive index. 1/n = sin i / sin r

in rare medium light moves away from normal.

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16
Q

state what is meant by critical angle

A

angle of incidence in the denser medium when angle of refraction = 90 degrees n=1/sin i

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17
Q

definition of direction of electric field

A

direction of force on a positive charge

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18
Q

effect of thermal energy on molecules of water

A

molecules separate and move apart, intermolecular forces are broken

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19
Q

uses of soft magnets

A

transformers, electromagnetics, generators,

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20
Q

uses of hard magnets

A

compass, ammeter, voltmeter, magnetic catches

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21
Q

what is meant by magnetic field

A

a region in where magnetic materials experience a force

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22
Q

what is meant by rectification

A

it is the conversion of AC to DC through the use oof diodes

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23
Q

what is limit of proportionality

A

the point beyond which Hooke’s law is no longer true when stetching a material

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24
Q

hooke’s law

A

Within the limit of proportionality the extension produced is directly proportional to
the applied force F=ke
k= f/e

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25
Q

define charge

A

It’s the property of subatomic particle which determines the magnitude of electric or
magnetic force on it.
Units Coulomb (C)

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26
Q

what is meant by electric field

A

it is a region where a charge experiences a force.

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27
Q

what is meant by electric field strength

A

It is force per unit positive charge in an electric field”.

electric field strength = force/charge
it is a vector quantity

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28
Q

electric potential difference

A

it is the work done per unit +ve charge between two points in an electric field
V = J/C

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29
Q

emf

A

the energy transferred by a cell in driving unit charge around a complete circuit

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30
Q

how to tell which substance has the highest specific heat capcity

A

lowest mass and lowest temp rise

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31
Q

how to achieve high sensitivity in reflection

A

long distance apart, and large angle away

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32
Q

what height to use in pressure calculations involving manometer (pressure due to gas)

A

height= difference in height of two liquid surfaces and then to get pressure add the pressure of gas with atm.

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33
Q

describe molecules arrangement and motion in liquids

A 
molecules close(r) 
molecules move only small distances (between collisions) or do not move freely 
molecules move in clusters or slide past each other
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34
Q

describe conduction in terms of electrons

A

electrons travel a great distance , vibrating and hitting electrons and in this way they transfer energy by hitting distant atoms

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35
Q

what is meant by direction of magnetic field

A

the direction of force on a north pole

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36
Q

total internal reflection.

A

the complete reflection of a light ray from an optically dense medium to an optically less dense medium. angle of incidence exceeds critical angle.

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37
Q

State two conditions required for light to be totally internally reflected.

A
  1. dense to rare medium

2. angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle

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38
Q

uses of optical fibres

A

carries infra red radiation for telecommunication, signals, data, messgaes, endoscope light enters

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39
Q

what is background radiation

A

radiation from the enviornment which is always present. cosmic rays, rocks, soil, sun, nuclear watse

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40
Q

what can thermacouples measure?

A

liquid nitrogen

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41
Q

define specific latent heat

A

(thermal) energy (needed) to change state

of unit mass /

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42
Q

what is monochromatic light

A

same frquency

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43
Q

State and explain why fuses and circuit breakers are installed in electrical circuits connected
to the mains supply

A

protects components / appliances / circuit / wires / user / mains supply
prevents electrical supply overheating / fires / electrocution / shocks
excess current / power in circuit / wires OR fuse melts / blows OR circuit breaker opens

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44
Q

direction of magnetic field when current is into the page

A

clockwise

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45
Q

Explain why a source of γ-rays used in this way should not have a half-life shorter or
longer than about 6 hours.

A

longer half-life
– radioactive substance active in body for a long time
shorter half-life – might be insufficient time for investigation OR it takes time / hours for the tracer to spread round the
body
1

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46
Q

compression

A

molecules move closer together and pressure is higher than normal.

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47
Q

State two uses for infrared radiation

A

remote controls
(infrared) sensors / alarms
specific electrical appliances
thermal imaging/ night vision

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48
Q

when handling x rays gamma rays precautions

A
  • distance - limit exposure time - shield against
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49
Q

uses of gamma rays

A

sterilisation of equipment, medical diagnosis / treatment, thickness control, detecting leaks / cracks,
food preservation
explanation e.g. destroys bacteria, destroys cancer cells, lower amount of radiation detected if thickness too large, radiation
detected at site of leak, destroys microbes in food

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50
Q

definition of speed

A

rate of change of distance covered per unit time

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51
Q

state newton’s third law

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. They must act on two different bodies.

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52
Q

• EFFECT OF BALANCED FORCES

A

The body at rest will remain at rest.

The body in uniform motion will continue it.

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53
Q

• EFFECT OF UNBALANCED FORCES

A

body will accelerate in the direction of resultant force

54
Q

what is friction and the effects of friction

A
  • an opposing force that slows down motion

- energy is lost in the form of heat or sound

55
Q

braking distance

A

It is the distance covered/ travelled after applying breaks. Body is always decelerating during this

56
Q

factors affecting breaking distance

A
  • speed
  • mass of car
  • friction between tire and road
57
Q

what is thinking distance

A

It is the distance covered/ travelled during reaction time. constant speed

58
Q

factors that affects thinking distance

A
  • focus of driver
  • speed of car
  • reflexes of driver
59
Q

• What makes the body move in a circle in case of

1. Car taking a turn round a corner

A

friction between tires and road

60
Q

what makes the moon move in a circle

A

gravitational pull of earth

61
Q

what makes an electron move around a nucleus

A

electrostatic force of attraction

62
Q

describe the motion of an object travelling on a circular path

A
  • resultant force acts 90 degrees to the motion. whereas the velocity is tangent. the constant resultant force causes the body to constantly change direction allowing it to travel in a circular path. a smaller radius of an object requires a greater force.
63
Q

state free fall acceleration

A

10 ms square

64
Q

Why the acceleration decreases even when the car’s engine is working at full strength?

A

As the speed increases, air resistance increases too. With the same forward force, increase in air resistance decreases the resultant force. With decrease in resultant force, acceleration decreases

65
Q

what is the center of gravity

A

It is the point where all the weight of a body seems to be equal.

66
Q

how to find the center of gravity of thin lamina

A
  1. Hang the lamina to a friction free suspension.
  2. Hang a plumb line in front of it.
  3. Mark line behind plumb line.
  4. Center of gravity lies somewhere on the plumb line.
  5. Repeat the process from another line.
  6. The intersection of the two lines will give the center of gravity.
  7. Repeat the process for confirmation
67
Q

Transmission of external pressure in fluid

A

external pressure is equally transmitted in all directions

68
Q

wave

A

its the transfer of energy without the net movemet of the particle of the medium

69
Q

wave front

A

its an imaginary line perpendicularly joining all the similar points

70
Q

normal

A

It is an imaginarly line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence.

71
Q

virtual image

A
  • cannot be captured on a screen

- inverted

72
Q

red light

A

greastest wavelenght

73
Q

violet light

A

greatest frequency

74
Q

uses of radio waves

A

radio and television broadcast

75
Q

uses of microwaves

A

microwave oven , satellite communication

76
Q

UV rays

A

sterilization, tanning/sun tan, produces fluorecsent in some material

77
Q

visible light

A

forms image on retina

78
Q

x rays

A

diagnostics purposes, airport security purposes

79
Q

common properties of em waves

A
  • can travel in vaccum
  • same speed
  • transverse waves
80
Q

how is sound produced and propagated?

A

there is a vibrating body, Due to the vibration particles of the air vibrate in the same direction as that of the transfer of energy, causing compressions and rarefactions in the adjacent layers of air.

81
Q

factors affecting

  1. quality
  2. loudness
  3. pitch
A
  1. waveform
  2. amplotude
  3. frequency
82
Q

uses of an ultrasound

A
  • sonar systems, technique for detecting and determining the distance and direction of underwater objects by acoustic means
  • pre natal scanning
  • cleaning purposes
83
Q

when an object is placed beyond 2f the image is…

A

o Real
o Smaller in size
o Inverted

84
Q

when object is placed at 2f the image is

A

o Real
o Same size
o Inverted

85
Q

when object is placed between 2f and f

A

o Real
o Larger in size
o Inverted

86
Q

when the object is placed beyond f

A
  • larger
  • virtual
  • upright
87
Q

describe an experiment for refraction

A
  1. Place the glass block on a sheet of paper, and carefully draw around the block using a pencil
  2. Take a ray box and carefully aim the box so that a single ray of light passes through the block
  3. Using a pencil, mark some points along the path of the ray:Before it reaches the block;Where it hits the block;Where it leaves the block;After it has left the block
  4. Now remove the block from the paper and, using a ruler and pencil, draw straight lines connecting points: a and b; b and c; c and d. The resulting line will show the path of the ray
  5. Replace the block within its outline and repeat the above process for a ray striking the block at a different angle
88
Q

magnifying glass

A

should always be held close to object, closer to the lens than focal point, virtual

89
Q

current

A

rate of flow of charges I = Q/t

90
Q

potential difference

A

Energy consumed by unit charge to move across the any two points in the circuit. The energy conversion is from electrical to non-electrical. 1 V = 1 J/C

91
Q

state ohms law

A

Current flowing through any wire is directly propotional to potential difference across its ends, provided that temperature remains constant

92
Q

advantages of connecting lamps in parallel

A
  • the voltage across each bulb will be the same, so every bulb will be equally bright.
  • each component is independent of other. …
  • Each component can be independently controlled by a switch.,
93
Q

thermistor

A

on a graph shows increasing gradient, exponential. as temp increases, current increases and resistances decreases. at low temp resistance is high

94
Q

LDR

A

low resistance - bright

high resistance - dark

95
Q

sensing circuts

A

In the above circuit, an LDR is used, along with a relay, to control a bulb
When it gets darker, the resistance of the LDR increases
This causes the potential difference across the LDR to increase
When this potential difference increases the current in the coil (part of the relay) will increase
When the current gets large enough the coil will attract the switch, closing it and allowing a current to pass through the right-hand side of the circuit

96
Q

what fuse rating should one choose

A

a little above the current or else the fuse will melt and blow even during its normal working

97
Q

where is the fuse connected and why

A

it is connected with the live wire in seires so when it blows , the appliance is at 0 volts

98
Q

where is the earth wire connected

A

with the metal casing

99
Q

how does an earth wire work?

A

In case a fault arises, and metal casing becomes live, a huge amount of current will flow from earth wire to a low resistance path to earth and so the fuse blows up, making us safe.

100
Q

explain double insulation

A

The wires are insulated and then the outer casing is made up of an insulator, so there is no need of earth wire

101
Q

define kWh

A

The wires are insulated and then the outer casing is made up of an insulator, so there is no need of earth wire

102
Q

what is a live wire

A

wire with high voltage charges

103
Q

neutral wire

A

Wire with zero voltage charges. It is used to provide potential difference or to complete the circuit

104
Q

overheating of cables

A

Passing too much current through too small a wire (or leaving a long length of wire tightly coiled) can lead to the wire overheating. This could cause a fire or melt the insulations, exposing live wires

105
Q

circuit breakers

A

Fuses work on the principal of a large current melting the fuse wire. In some cases faults can occur in which the current may not be large enough to melt the fuse but enough to seriously harm the user of the electrical appliance. For protection against faults of this nature a circuit-breaker is used in place of a fuse. circuit breakers dont need to be replaced and could be resetted , are more quick, sensitive and reliable

106
Q

) Explain, in terms of the momentum of its molecules, why the trapped gas exerts a pressure
on the walls of the tube.

A

the molecules collid with the walls of the container which cuases a change in momentum and thus causes a force and spreads out on the area

107
Q

why does evaporation leave a cooling effect

A

molecules do work against attractive force as they evaporate
more energetic molecules more likely to escape
average energy of remaining molecules decreases

108
Q

what is the focal length

A

The distance of the principal focus from the lens is called the focal length, and depends on how curved the lens is

109
Q

what is the principal focus

A

point where parrallel rays meet after passing through lens on principal axis

110
Q

a man outside of the room can hear a low frequency but equally loud sound but cant hear the sound of the high frequency instruments, why is this so?

A

the low frquency sound has a larger wavelength thus diffraction occurs and the waves bend more.

111
Q

digital

A

consists of high or low stages/voltages

112
Q

analogue

A

continuously varying voltage

113
Q

β-particles ionise the air they pass through less strongly than the same number of
α-particles.

A
  • they have less mass
  • less energy
  • travel faster so less time near to air molecule
114
Q

what shape helps reduce air resistance

A

streamlined shape

115
Q

state the property of linearity in liquid in glass thermometers

A

liquid expands uniformly with temperature

116
Q

what increases sensitivity in a thermometer

A
  • thin bore/tube
  • smaller bulb
  • use liquid with low heat capacity
117
Q

what increases range in thermometer

A
  • longer tube
  • larger glass bulb (volume)
  • use liquid which expands less per unit change in temperature
118
Q

what is the purpose of the iron core in a transformer

A

links magnetic fields of coils / primary and secondary
• stronger magnetic field in secondary
• better induction

119
Q

there is a metal casing mounted on the transformer,

state and explain a safety precaution

A
  • earth the metal casing to create and alternative path for electons to flow
  • in cases of the live wire touching the metal casing
120
Q

formula of charge

A

Q = It

121
Q

The lead cylinder has a narrow central hole. State and explain the effect of the lead cylinder

A

beam is narrow, straight and in one direction. radiation in other directions are absorbed.

122
Q

direction of alpha and beta particles in a magnetic field

A

use flh rule to find direction of alpha particle (out of/into page) its the same direction as current
- however for beta particle they are fast moving electrons with a lighter mass so they deflect more and in the opposite direction of current/ alpha

123
Q

can sound travel through a vaccum?

A

Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no particles to carry the vibrations

124
Q

where do electrons flow from?

A

the negative terminal to the positive terminal as they move away from the negative terminal as they are repelled from it

125
Q

as we increase the angle of the platform why does the object begin to topple

A

line of action of the centre of mass falls outside the base of the bus. anticlockwise moment is greater than clockwise moment

126
Q

Where on a manometer is the pressure the greatest

A

On the lowest U point in between the two ends

127
Q

Position of circuit breaker

A

Same as fuse on live wire

128
Q

A student drops and object from rest. What happens to the velocity and to the acceleration of the ball during the first few seconds after release?

A

Velocity increases, acceleration decreases

129
Q

Direction of acceleration and direction velocity in orbital travel

A

Acceleration is towards the center

And velocity is tangent

130
Q

A metal ring screens a piece of equipment from a magnetic fields.
Which metal should be used for the ring and why?

A

Iron, the metal carries the field lines around the equipment

131
Q

when do we use FRHR and FLHR

A

right hand : when finding the current being induced

left hand : direction of force

IGCSE umaima (9 decks)

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