Physics #8 Flashcards
arrange the 7 components of the electrochemical spectrum from least to most energy
radio > microwave > infrared > visible > ultraviolet > X rays > gamma rays
can electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum?
yes
explain how electric and magnetic field vectors and the direction of propagation of the wave relate to each other
they are all perpendicular
what is the range of wavelengths of visible light?
400-700 nm
how many meters is a micrometer?
10^-6 meters is 1 micrometer
how many meters is an angstrom?
1 angstrom is 10^-10 meters
in a vacuum, what is the speed of all electromagnetic waves?
speed of light
what is the value for the speed of light in vacuum and air?
3x10^8 m/s
light that contains all of the colors in equal intensity is perceived as ____
white
blackbody
an ideal absorber of all wavelengths of light, which would appear completely black if it were lower temperature than its surroundings
light waves are _____ because the direction of propagation is perpendicular to the direction of oscillation
transverse
rectilinear propagation
when light travels through a homogenous medium, it travels in a straight line
reflection
the rebounding of incident light waves at the boundary of a medium
law of reflection
angle with normal is angle with normal that it bounces back at
all angles in optics are measured from the _____, not the surface of the medium
normal
compare real and virtual images
real: the light actually converges at the position of the image
virtual: the light only appears to be coming from the position of the image but does not actually converge there
plane mirrors always create ____ images
virtual
plane mirrors are spherical mirrors with an ______ radius of curvature
infinite
the center of curvature is ______
a point on the optical axis located at a distance equal to the radius of curvature from the vertex of the mirror
center of mirror if the mirror were a complete sphere
are concave mirrors converging or diverging
converging
relate focal length and radius of curvature for all spherical mirrors
f = r/2
relate image distance, object distance, focal length, and radius of curvature
1/f = 1/i +1/o = 2/r
if i>0, the image is ____
real (in front of mirror)
if i<0, the image is ____
virtual (behind mirror)
a negative magnification means an ____ image
inverted
a positive magnification means an ____ image
upright
if the absolute value of magnification is <1, then _____
image is reduced
if the absolute value of magnification is >1, then _____
image is enlarged
3 important ray diagram lines for concave mirror
parallel to normal axis, through focal point before mirror, a ray that strikes the mirror at the point of intersection with the axis
for a concave mirror at which the object is at the focal length, what is the value of the image?
infinity
a single diverging mirror forms only ____, ____, and _____ images
virtual, upright, reduced
for ray diagrams, the image forms ____
where the lines meet up
the focal length of converging mirrors and lenses will always be ____ and the focal length of diverging mirrors and lenses will always be _____
positive
negative
for all image types of single lens or mirror, all upright images are _____, ____ image is formed when the object is a focal length away, ____ images are always real ASSUMING o IS POSITIVE
virtual
no
inverted
when can UV NO IR be used?
when o is positive
refraction
the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another and changes speed
the speed of light through any medium is always _____ than its speed through a vacuum
less
when light enters a medium with a higher index of refraction, it bends _____
toward the normal
how do you solve for the critical angle and what is it
it is the incident angle that results in refraction along the interface of the two medias
to solve for it, theta2 should be 90 degrees in snell’s law
total internal reflection
phenomenon in which all the light incident on a boundary is reflected back into the original material. results with any angle of incidence greater than the critical angle
at what angles do we witness total internal reflection
when the incident angle is greater than the critical angle
total internal reflection occurs as the light moves from a medium with a ____ refractive index to a medium with a _____ one
higher to lower
people who are farsighted need ____ lenses
converging (convex)
people who are nearsighted need ____ lenses
diverging (concave)
when is the lensmaker’s equation used?
for lenses with a thickness that cannot be neglected.
how is the eye a real lens?
the cornea is the first source of refractive power
important rays for lens to see where image is
ray to center of lens, straight thru
ray toward focal point or thru focal point before lens, refracts straight
ray parallel to axis, refracts through focal point of front face
what units is the power of a lens measured in?
diopters
what are the units of f in the power equation for lenses?
meters
how can people who are nearsighted see far objects?
clearly
what type of lenses do people who are nearsighted need?
diverging
what is the fancy term for farsighteness
hyperopia
what is the fancy term for nearsightedness
myopia
what type of lens is the cornea of the eye
converging lens
for lenses not in contact, the ____ of one lens becomes the _____ of another lens
the image of one lens becomes the object for another lens
spherical aberration
the blurring of the periphery of an image as a result of inadequate reflection of parallel beams at the edge of a mirror or inadequate refraction of parallel beams at the edge of a lens
the speed of light in a vacuum is ____ for all wavelengths
the same
when various wavelengths of light separate from each other it is called _____
dispersion
when light enters a medium with a different index of refraction, what changes and what stays the same?
wavelength changes but frequency stays the same
light with _____ wavelengths are bent to a greater extent in refraction
smaller
chromatic aberration
a dispersive effect within a spherical lens. Depending on the thickness and curvature of the lens, there may be significant splitting of white light, which results in a rainbow halo around images
aberration is the _____ of an image due to an imperfection in the optical system
distortion
diffraction
the spreading out of light as it passes through a narrow opening or around an obstacle
____ and _____ are significant evidence for the wave theory of light
diffraction and interference
what happens to light as the slit is narrowed in a single slit system?
it spreads out more
difference between the equations for slit-lens and double slit scenarios
see notes
for both the slit-lens and double slit scenarios, the 0th fringe (middle) is the ____
brightest
for very small angles, what is sin(theta) equal to?
tan(theta)
plane polarized light
light in which the electric fields of all the waves are oriented in the same direction (electric field vectors are parallel)
specific rotation
the clockwise or counterclockwise rotation of plane polarized light due to the presence of chiral centers
what orientation of light gets through a polarizer?
the portion of the light parallel to the polarizer
discuss the direction and amplitude of circularly polarized light
uniform amplitude but a continuously changing direction
what characteristics of light does a polarizer effect?
the amount of light that gets through and the intensity
no effect on frequency, speed, or wavelength
what does sin(45 degrees) =
0.71
does wavelength or frequency of light change going from one medium to another (refracted)?
wavelength: yes
frequency: no
what happens when the slit becomes smaller for single slit and lens slit scenarios
single slit: light waves spread out
slit lens: central bright fringe becomes wider
can diffraction grating split colors into their respective wavelengths?
yes
