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MCAT Physics > Physics #11 > Flashcards

Physics #11 Flashcards

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1
Q

scientific method

A

a set of steps that defines the appropriate order of events to structure and carry out an experiment

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2
Q

experimentation data collection

A

involves manipulating and controlling variables

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3
Q

observation data collection

A

involves no changes in the subject’s environment

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4
Q 
Put the steps of the scientific method in the correct order: 
publish 
collect new data 
gather data and resources
analyze the data 
generate a testable question
verify results
form a hypothesis
interpret the data and existing hypothesis
A 
generate a testable question
gather data and resources
form a hypothesis
collect new data 
analyze the data 
interpret the data and existing hypothesis 
publish 
verify results
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5
Q

hypothesis

A

the proposed explanation or proposed answer to our testable question

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6
Q

what format do hypotheses usually follow?

A

if-then statements

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7
Q

what are the 5 questions asked using the FINER method to determine if a research question will add to the body of scientific knowledge in a practical way and within a reasonable time perioid?

A
  1. feasible: gather materials, subjects, time, financial constraints
  2. interesting: is there utility in the answer
  3. novel: has the question already been asked
  4. ethical: are there any ethical violations associated with answering the research question
  5. relevant: will it effect people outside of the research field too
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8
Q

In order to make generalizations about our experiments, we must make sure that the outcome of interest would not have occurred without our intervention, therefore we use ____

A

controls

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9
Q

positive control

A

ensure a change in the dependent variable when it is expected
ex: in testing the development of a new assay for detection of HIV, administering actual HIV to the assay should result in a positive result

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10
Q

negative control

A

ensure no change in the dependent variable when no change is expected
Ex: in testing the development of a new assay for detection of HIV, known non-HIB samples used in the assay should result in a negative result

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11
Q

placebo effect

A

an observed or reported change when an individual is given a sugar pill or sham intervention.

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12
Q

in basic science research, we manipulate the ______ and measure or observe the ____

A

independent variable

dependent variable

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13
Q

when is a relationship said to be causal?

A

when a change in the independent variable always precedes a change in the dependent variable, and when the change in the dependent variable does not occur in the absence of the experimental intervention.

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14
Q

On a graph, the independent variable belongs on the ____ axis and the dependent variable belongs on the ____ axis

A

x axis

y axis

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15
Q

accuracy/validity

A

the ability of an instrument to measure a true value

Ex: accurate scale should measure a 170 pound person as 170 pounds

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16
Q

precision/reliability

A

the ability of the instrument to read consistently or within a narrow range.

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17
Q

because bias is a systematic error in data, only an ______ tool will introduce bias

A

inaccurate

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18
Q

controls in experiments are used to establish _____

A

causality

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19
Q

randomization

A

the method used to control for differences between subject groups in biomedical research.

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20
Q

a proper randomization algorithm will be equivalent to a ____

A

coin toss or die roll

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21
Q

blinded

A

the subjects or investigators do not know which group certain individuals are in

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22
Q

sinlge-blind experiments

A

only the patient or the assessor is blinded

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23
Q

double-blind experiments

A

the investigator, subject, and assessor all do not know the subject’s group

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24
Q

discuss binary, continuous, or categorical variables

A

binary: yes or no
continuous: scale: cardiac output
categorical: state of residence

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25
Q

confounding variable

A

In statistics, a confounder is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association.

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of observational studies in medicine?

A

cohort, cross-sectional, case-control

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27
Q

cohort studies

A

subjects are sorted into groups based on differences in risk factors (exposures) and then assessed at various intervals to determine how many subjects in each group had a certain outcome.
Ex: follow groups of smokers and non smokers and observe lung cancer incidence.

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28
Q

cross-sectional studies

A

snapshot

categorize patients into different groups at a single point in time

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29
Q

case-control studies

A

start by identifying the number of subjects with or without a particular outcome, and then look backward to assess how many subjects in each group had exposure to a particular risk factor
ex: 100 patients with and without lung cancer are assessed for their past smoking tendencies.

30
Q

ethnographic studies

A

used by sociologists to understand cultures by looking at the complete social environment

31
Q

what criteria are used to determine the likelihood of causality between two variables?

A

Hill’s criteria

32
Q

which one of Hill’s criteria is necessary for causality but not sufficient for it

A

temporality

33
Q

Hill’s: temporality

A

the exposure must occur before the outcome

34
Q

Hill’s: strength

A

greater variability of the independent variable leads to greater variability in the dependent variable

strength of association I believe

35
Q

Hill’s: dose-response

A

as independent variable increases, dependent variable increases

36
Q

Hill’s: consistency

A

relationship found in multiple settings

37
Q

Hill’s: plausibility

A

there is a reasonable mechanism for the independent variable to impact the dependent variable

38
Q

Hill’s: alternative explanations

A

eliminate other plausible explanations

39
Q

Hill’s: experiment

A

can perform an experiment

40
Q

Hill’s: specificity

A

the change in the outcome variable is only produced by an associated change in the independent variable

41
Q

Hill’s: coherence

A

the new data and hypothesis are consistent with the current state of scientific knowledge.

42
Q

____ is a result of flaws in the data collection phase of a study, while _____ is error during analysis

A

bias

confounding

43
Q

selection bias

A

the subjects used for the study are not representative of the target population

ex: certain group of people is more likely to volunteer than another group of people.

44
Q

detection bias

A

educated professionals using their knowledge in an inconsistent way
ex: obese individuals more likely to be screened for diabetes and hypertension, increasing the numbers of obese people with it diagnoses.

45
Q

hawthorne effect/observation bias

A

the behavior of a study participant is altered simply because they recognize that they are being studied.

ex: individuals given weight loss drug are more likely to start working out which makes it look like the drug is having more of an effect than it actually is.

46
Q

what is another name for observation bias

A

Hawthorne effect

47
Q

what are the 4 ethical tenets of medicine?

A

beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice

48
Q

beneficence

A

the obligation to act in the patient’s best interest

49
Q

nonmaleficence

A

the obligation to avoid treatments or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential benefit

50
Q

autonomy

A

the responsibility to respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare.

51
Q

justice

A

the responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care and to distribute healthcare resources fairly.

52
Q

informed consent

A

a patient must be adequately counseled on the procedures, risks and benefits, and goals of a study to make a knowledgable decision about whether or not to participate in the study

53
Q

Can a subject withdraw consent?

A

yes, at any time

54
Q

what are considered vulnerable persons in research

A

children, pregnant women, prisoners,

55
Q

respect for persons in research

A

honesty between researcher and participant

56
Q

justice in research

A

selection of research topic and execution of research

57
Q

beneficence in research

A

it must be our intent to cause a net positive change for both the study population and general population and we must do our best to minimize any harms.

58
Q

equipoise

A

in studies comparing two potential treatment options, one cannot approach the research with the knowledge that one treatment is superior to the other.

59
Q

coercive influence vs. monetary compensation

A

the line between a coercive influence and a compensatory influence is often debated. In general, compensatory influence is one that does not impact the decision to participate, while coercive influence is one in which the subject loses autonomy to make the decision to participate.

60
Q

population

A

the complete group of every individual that satisfies the attributes of interest.

61
Q

information that is calculated using every person in a population is called a ____

A

parameter

62
Q

sample

A

any group taken from a population that does not include all individuals from the population.

63
Q

information about a sample is called a _____

A

statistic

64
Q

statistics can be used to _____ parameters with repeated sample collection

A

estimate

65
Q

internal validity

A

support for causality

the extent to which you are sure the independent variable caused the dependent variable.

66
Q

external validity

A

generalizability

the extent to which study results apply to the larger population

67
Q

statistical significance

A

not the result of chance

68
Q

clinical significance

A

a notable or worthwhile change in health status as a result of our intervention

69
Q

statistical significance vs. clinical significance

A

just because there is mathematical statistical significance does not mean this will change patient outcomes.

70
Q

why might small samples provide insufficient info about an entire population?

A

higher likelihood of selecting an outlier or by chance the data being skewed

71
Q

a study without ______ may be one that resulted in chance and one without ______ will have no effect on patients

A

statistical significance

clinical significance

72
Q

____ dictates which study questions are worth pursuing and which subjects to use.

A

justice

MCAT Physics (12 decks)

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