Physics Flashcards by Ravindra M

Can attract or repel some materials
Can be produced by passing an electric current through a coil of wire

Magnets

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This scientist was born in 1642
He developed the law of gravity by observing a apple falling from a tree

Isaac Newton

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Dense region in center of atom containing protons and neutrons!

Atomic nucleus

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Reaction occurs between fuel and oxidant
Reaction produces heat and light

Combustion

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Type of electromagnetic radiation
Wilhelm Roentgen
Used to create images of body

X -rays

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This force opposes the motion of an object as it moves through a fluid, such as air or water.

Drag

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This property of matter describes a objects resistance to motion unless acted upon by an external force

Inertia

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Nuclear reaction
A heavy atomic nucleus splits into to small nuclei, releasing energy

Fission

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What forces arise when two surfaces in contact resist motion

Friction

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What term describes the chaotic and irregular motion of air that affects aircraft’s

Turbulence

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What are four fundamental forces in physics?

Gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak unclear force

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What branch of physics studies the properties of sound, including its reflection, transmission, and perception

Acoustics

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This force is responsible for objects falling to the ground
It is the weakest of the four fundamental forces
It was first mathematically described by Isaac Newton
Causes planets to orbit stars

Gravity

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This law states that an object will stay at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon a force
Isaac Newton
No net force

Newton’s first law (Inertia)

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This law states that force equals mass times acceleration
Net force
Acceleration

Newton’s second law

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This law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton
Action-reaction
Rocket propulsion

Newton’s third law

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This fundamental force is responsible for the attraction between objects with mass
Earth’s pull
Isaac Newton

Gravity

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This vector quantity describes an objects speed in a given direction
Meters per second
Speed + directions

Velocity

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This term describes the the rate of change of velocity overtime
Increasing speed
Newton’s second law

Acceleration

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This quantity is the product of an object’s mass and velocity
Conserved in collisions
Impulse

Momentum

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This fundamental quality is the ability to do work
It is measured in joules
Kinetic and potential

Energy

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This form of energy depends on an object’s motion
Speed squared
work-energy principle

Kinetic energy

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This form of energy is stored due to an object’s position or condition
Gravitational
Elastic

Potential Energy

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What World War II project led to the development of the first atomic bomb?
It was a secret U.S program
It involved scientists like Oppenheimer and Fermi

Manhattan Project

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What simple machine consists of an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder and is used to hold objects together? It has threads that determine its movements It is used in construction and mechanical devices

Screw

What form of energy is associated with an object’s motion? It increases with speed and mass Examples of it include a rolling ball and a moving car

Kinetic Energy

What Greek mathematician discovered a principle stating that a body submerged in fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid? His work explains why objects float or sink He made contributions to geometry and mechanics

Archimedes

What SI unit is used to measure power, or the rate of energy transfer? It is named after a Scottish inventor It is equal to one joule per second

Watts

What fundamental force causes objects to be pulled toward the center of the Earth? It keeps planets in orbit around the Sun It affects objects with mass

Gravity

Clue 1: This is a type of simple machine that consists of a flat surface set at an angle. • Clue 2: It is used to lift or move objects by applying force along the slope. • Clue 3: A ramp is an example of this type of machine. What is this machine?

Inclined plane

Clue 1: This is the process by which light passes from one medium to another, causing a change in direction. • Clue 2: It occurs when light enters a new medium at an angle. • Clue 3: A common example is when a straw appears to bend when placed in water. What process is this?

Refraction

Clue 1: This machine is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. • Clue 2: It often works by rotating a coil in a magnetic field. • Clue 3: It is a key component in power plants. What machine is this?

Generator

Clue 1: This is a form of energy that is transmitted through space in the form of electromagnetic waves. • Clue 2: It allows us to see objects and is essential for photosynthesis. • Clue 3: The Sun emits this type of energy. What type of energy is this? Answer: Light energy

Light energy

• Explained Brownian motion. • E = mc². • Published photoelectric effect. • 1905 miracle year.

Albert Einstein

• Example: Tsar Bomba. • Used in Cold War tests. • U.S. tested in Bikini Atoll. • Result of nuclear fission. • Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Nuclear Weapons

• Perpendicular contact force. • Found with unit vector and stress tensor. • Related to ramps and inclines. • Acts upward from a surface. • Opposes gravity.

Normal Force

Measured in newtons Calculation is mass x acceleration due to gravity

Weight

measures the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. It’s commonly measured in Celsius or Kelvin

Temperature

This scientific law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This principle is also known as the First Law of Thermodynamics

Law of conservation of energy

This gas has the chemical formula CH₄ and is the main component of natural gas. More potent than carbon dioxide

• Described by Archimedes, Vitruvius, and Galileo • Explained using mass and motion • Causes objects to fall • Fundamental force of nature

Gravity

• Achieved in the X-1 rocket plane by Chuck Yeager • Also done by the Concorde and Tu-144 • Related to Mach 1 • Allows for supersonic travel • Involved in transatlantic flights

Breaking the sound barrier

• Measured in joules • Related to Noether’s theorem (time invariance) • Defined in terms of kinetic and potential forms • The Lagrangian subtracts one form from another • Required to do work

Energy

• Have the shortest wavelength in the EM spectrum • Produced in nuclear fission • Used in Mössbauer spectroscopy • Can occur in gamma-ray bursts • Followed by longer wavelengths like X-rays

Gamma rays

• Time integral of impulse • Related to Coulomb’s law (inverse square relationship) • Defined in Newton’s second law: F = ma • A vector quantity • Examples include pushes and pulls

Force

• Described SN 1604 in De Stella Nova • Wrote Astronomiae Pars Optica • Proposed force-based theory of lunar motion • Published three laws of planetary motion • Corresponded with Ferdinand II

Johannes Kepler

• Exceeded during Cherenkov radiation • Represented by c in relativity • Appears in Lorentz factor • Constant in inertial frames • Equals ~300 million m/s

Speed of light

• Forms pillow, pahoehoe, ʻAʻā types • Makes coulées when viscous • Solidifies into pumice • Comes from volcanoes • Surface version of magma

Mass

• Operate using a fulcrum • Classified into Classes 1, 2, and 3 • Obey a namesake “law of torque” • Gain mechanical advantage via longer arms • Example: seesaws

Lever

This one phenomenon is capable of bending light. On Earth this force causes an acceleration of 9.8 meters

Gravity

Scientist On shoulder of giants Lend his name to radiation that decay black hole Brief history of time and theory of everything

Stephen hawking

Threshold value for this quantity controls carrier concentration in mofset Kirchhoff rule Sum of this quantity around close loop Product of current and resistance ohms law Batteries are measure of electric potential

Voltage

Nucleolus synthesis of these organelles Mitochondria have own version Rough endoplasmic have attached to it

Ribosome

Developed earthquake detectors which featured dragons dropping metal balls into mouth of frogs Was home to the first rockets that propel arrows Compass, paper, and gunpowder invented here

China

• Describes energy transfer measured in calorimeters • Can be transferred through convection, conduction, or radiation • Exothermic reactions release this form of energy • Measured in Fahrenheit or Celsius

Heat

• Created the phonograph and incandescent light bulb • Known as the “Wizard of Menlo Park” • Created direct current (DC) • Rival of Nikola Tesla in the “War of the Currents

Thomas Edison

• Allow current to flow only one direction • Represented as triangles connecting straight lines in circuit diagrams • Include light-emitting varieties • Examples are semiconductors like diodes • Their breakdown voltage can be exceeded by reverse bias

Diodes

• Fixes the issue of chromatic aberration • The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection • Used in fiber-optic cables • At the critical angle, it creates total internal reflection • Describes light bouncing off a surface

Reflection

Quantity Inversely proportional to cross sectional area of wire Directly with length Inverse of thes quantity in Siemens and is called conductance Resistance is measured in ohms

Resistance

• Recently redefined using Planck’s constant • The standard for measuring mass • The SI unit for mass • Equal to approximately 2.2 pounds • Measured using balances

Kilograms

• Related to the behavior of light waves • Involves bending due to a change in medium • Describes the speed of light in different materials • Can occur when light moves from air to water • Often seen in prisms creating a rainbow

Refraction

• Can be measured in grams per cubic centimeter • Describes the amount of mass per unit volume • A key concept in fluid mechanics • A physical property of all matter • Found using pycnometers for liquids and solids

Density

Italian-American physicist Chicago Pile-1 First artificial nuclear reactor Contributed in Quantum mechanics and statistical physics Scientist in Manhattan Project

Enrico Fermi

1. Related to a field denoted with uppercase B (magnetic field). 2. Faraday’s law links changes in magnetism to electric potential. 3. Ampere’s law describes how current produces magnetism. 4. Measured in Teslas; present in objects with north and south poles.

Magnetism

1. Designed a heat ray and invented the Archimedes screw for moving water uphill. 2. Discovered buoyancy principle while weighing a gold crown (“Eureka!”).

Archimedes

• Zero in inertial frames. • For circular motion: velocity squared divided by radius. • Newton’s second law: force over mass. • Gravity’s acceleration is 9.81 m/s².

Acceleration

• Osmium has the highest elemental density. • Specific gravity is the ratio to a reference. • Symbolized by ρ (rho). • Mass divided by volume.

Density

• Atwood Machine uses pulleys. • Block and tackle systems. • Wheel with a groove for a rope.

Pulley

• This adjective describes the symmetry breaking in the Higgs mechanism. • A reaction with negative Gibbs free energy is described by this adjective, indicating it occurs without outside energy. • It also described the disproven sudden “generation” of maggots on meat.

Spontaneous

• British analysts called a data stream “Fish,” created by the Lorenz cipher, during this war. • Bletchley Park built a precursor to the computer named Heath Robinson to crack the Enigma machine. • Alan Turing contributed to cracking Nazi codes in this war between Axis and Allies.

WW2

• Names thermoplastic polymers with reversible crosslinking. • Coefficient of restitution equals one here. • Kinetic energy conserved in these collisions. • Rubber bands exemplify this property.

Elastic collision

• Devices that produce energy through radioactive decay, including thorium fuel cycles. • Can suffer meltdowns releasing radiation. • Subject to void coefficient of reactivity. • Fast neutrons produced by fission occur here.

Nuclear Reactors

• Includes law relating change in momentum to impulse. • Conservation of momentum expressed in paired forces. • Cause of acceleration is unbalanced external force. • Written in Principia by Isaac Newton.

Laws of motion

• Inventor of the Tesla coil and pioneer in electricity. • J.P. Morgan withdrew funding from his Wardenclyffe Tower project. • Namesake of SI unit for magnetic flux density. • Elon Musk’s company named after him.

Tesla

• Force acting on cambered airfoils causing upward acceleration. • Often incorrectly explained by Bernoulli’s principle. • One of four principal forces on aircraft. • Directed downward in some race cars for traction.

Lifts