Biology And Anatomy Flashcards by Ravindra M

“Powerhouse”
Makes A.T.P
Double membraned organelle
Outer Membrane containing porins and inner membrane folded into Cristae
Site of oxidative phosphorylation
The site of Q cycle
When cytochrome is released from this apoptosis occurs

Mitochondria

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Nocturnal insect
Attracted to artificial light
Closely related to butterflies
Ancestors aquatic caddisflies
Deep chromosomal conservation

Moth

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Has the title of largest animal known to have ever existed on earth
It can reach lengths up to 100 feet
Eats krill
Scientific name: Balaenoptera musculus
Cetacean

Blue whale

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Herbivorous dinosaur which had three horns
Lived in late Cretaceous period
Main predator was T. rex
Bony frill
Large opening
Lived during late Cretaceous period

Triceratops

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Disease caused by uncontrolled cell division
Disease can be treated with chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery
This disease involves mutation in a tumor suppressor gene
It can spread through metastases affecting multiple organs.

Cancer

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Need host cells to replicate
Infect animals, plants, and bacteria
Pathogens

Viruses

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Process converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
Chloroplast
Calvin cycle of stroma chloroplast

Photosynthesis

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Fossilized tree resin, golden color, preserve ancient insects , used in jewelry , specimens of Dominic republic and Baltic

Amber

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What type of cell has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes emerged from the archael kingdom that is prometh archathy

Eukaryotic cells

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Tropical bird
Vibrant plumage
Remarkable ability to mimic human speech
Also known as pistaccines
Exhibit tripedalism

Parrot

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Humans have how many pairs of chromosomes

23 pairs

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A connective tissue, makes up skeletal system, provides structural support for body

Bones

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Non-flowering plant
Reproduces by releasing spores from sori

Ferns

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This emergency occurs when blood flow is blocked

Heart attack

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Process includes prophase, anaphases, metaphase, telophase
Asexual reproduction in unicellular organism
Occur in somatic body cell
Interphase and metaphase

Mitosis

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This cell lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
They are smaller than eukaryotic cells
Reproduce by binary fission
Includes bacteria

Prokaryotic cells

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This organelle contains the DNA of a cell and controls cellular activities
It’s a membrane bound organelle
Surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope
Contains nucleolus

Nucleus

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Powerhouse of the cell, generates ATP through cellular respiration
Plays a crucial role in energy production
It has double membrane, with inner membrane forming cristae
Dysfunction in this organelle can lead metabolic disorders

Mitochondria

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Process occurring in plant cells, convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into glucose and oxygen
Takes place in chloroplast,
It produces oxygen as a byproduct,
It requires the pigment chlorophyll to absorb light energy

Photosynthesis

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Type of asexual reproduction
Used by bacteria
Involves splitting into two identical cells
This is the primary method reproduction in prokaryotes

Binary Fission

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He is called the father of genetics
Austrian monk
Studied traits such as flower color and seed shape
His experiments involved crossbreeding pea plants

Gregory Mendel

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This type of genetic material consists of nucleotides
Has a double-helix culture and, stores heredity information
Contains adunene, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
Watson and Crick

DNA

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Chemical reaction occurs in cells to convert glucose into ATP
Occurs in mitochondria which is in eukaryotic cells
It produces carbon dioxide and water as byproducts
The ATP produced is used for cellular activities

Cellular respiration

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This virus weakens the immune system
Can lead to AIDS
It attacks helper T cells in the immune system
A retrovirus

HIV

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Antibiotic, discovered by Alexander Fleming This drug was the first widely used treatment for bacterial infections It was derived from a mold called penicillium Discovered in 1928

Pencilin

This molecule contains genetic instructions in living organisms Watson & Crick Double Helix

DNA

This molecule helps in protein synthesis and carries genetic information in some viruses Single-stranded Uracil instead of thymine

RNA

These are segments of DNA that code for proteins Heredity Mendel’s experiments

Genes

This process describes changes in a heritable characteristic of a species over generation. Charles Darwin Adaptation

Evolution

This scientist published On the Origin of Species and developed the theory of natural selection. HMS beagle Survival of the fittest

Charles Darwin

This process favors organisms with traits that enhance survival and reproduction. Darwin’s theory

Natural selection

This term refers to the variety of life in an ecosystem. Ecological balance Genetic diversity

Biodiversity

This system consists of living organisms interacting with their enviorment Food chains Energy flow

Ecosystem

This model represents energy flow from one organism to another Producer, consumer, decomposers It can be linked together to make a food web

Food chain

These hierarchical levels categorize organisms based on their feeding relationships Apex predator Primary consumer

Trophic levels

These organisms break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients Fungi Bacteria

Decomposers

This process maintains a stable internal environment in organisms. Body temperature regulation Blood sugar balance

Homeostasis

This system transports blood, oxygen, nutrients throughout the body Heart Arteries, veins

Circulatory system

This system is responsible for gas exchange in the body. Lungs Oxygen intake

Respiratory system

This system transmits signals between different parts of the body. Neurons Brain

Nervous system

This system breaks down food to absorb nutrients Stomach Intestines

Digestive system

This system defends the body against pathogens. Antibodies Vaccines

Immune system

This system regulates hormones and body functions. Glands Insulin

Endocrine system

What structures in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells carry genetic information and determine inherited traits? These become visible during cell division There are 23 of them

Chromosomes

What type of specialized cells in the nervous system transmit electrical and chemical signals between the brain, spinal cord, and body? They help with reflex actions and voluntary movements They use synapses to communicate

Neurons

What part of the skeletal system connects two or more bones and allows movement in many parts of the body? Some are fixed, while others allow movement. The knee and elbow are examples of hinge types

Joints

What large carnivorous dinosaur lived during the Late Cretaceous period and was known for its massive skull and powerful legs? It’s name means “ Tyrant Lizard King” It was one of the largest land predators in history

Tyrannosaurus Rex

What respiratory organ, located below the lungs and heart, separates the chest cavity from the abdomen and helps with breathing? It contracts and flattens when inhaling. It is a dome-shaped muscle

Diaphragm

What hollow organ, located in the lower abdomen, stores urine before excretion? It expands as it fills. It connects to the kidneys via the ureters.

Bladder

What Scottish scientist discovered the antibiotic penicillin in 1928? His discovery led to the development of antibiotics. It was found in mold from the genus Penicillium.

Alexander Fleming

What process occurs when a cell’s DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which is then used to produce proteins? It takes place in the nucleus eukaryotic cells Ribosomes help assemble amino acids in this process

Protein synthesis

What form of symbiosis benefits both organisms involved in the relationship? It differs from parasitism which involves only one organism benefitting An example involves a clownfish and sea anemone

Mutualism

What macromolecules are made of long, folded chains of amino acids and play essential roles in cellular processes? They include antibodies, enzymes, and hormones They are made out of 20 different amino acids

Proteins

What disease is caused by Plasmodium protozoa and is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes? It is common in tropical and subtropical areas It can cause fevers, chills, and organ damage

Malaria

What organ in the human body is responsible for filtering waste from the blood and producing urine? Humans have two of them in the lower back They help regulate fluid balance and blood pressure.

Kidneys

During what geologic period did dinosaurs dominate the Earth, along with large megafauna? It occurred after the Triassic and before the Cretaceous period It was a time of high atmospheric oxygen an large plant growth

Jurassic Period

What organ filters blood, detoxifies chemicals, and produces bile to aid digestion? It is the only internal organ which can regenerate It produces clotting factors for blood

Liver

What type of cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types within the body? They are used in regenerative medicine Embryonic and adult forms exist

Stem cells

What disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affects the lungs and spreads through the air? It causes coughing, fever, and weight loss It can be treated with antibiotics

Tuberculosis

What group of mammals, including kangaroos, opossums, and wombats, is characterized by carrying their young in pouches? These animals are found mostly in Australia and the Americas The largest member of this group is the red kangaroo

Marsupials

What term refers to animals that cannot regulate their internal body temperature and depend on external heat sources? Examples include reptiles, amphibians, and fish These animals rely on sunlight or their surroundings to stay warm.

Cold-blooded animals

What biological field focuses on the classification and naming of organisms? It was developed by Carl Linnaeus It organizes species into hierarchical groups

Taxonomy

This is a bioluminescent organism found in the ocean. • Clue 2: These organisms are also called “fireflies of the sea.” • Clue 3: They are tiny marine organisms that produce light through chemical reactions. What is this organism?

Bioluminescent plankton

• Clue 1: This animal is known for its ability to regenerate lost limbs. • Clue 2: It is a type of amphibian and is often found in freshwater environments. • Clue 3: Its scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum. What animal is this?

Axolotol

• Clue 1: This scientist is known for his work in genetics and the theory of inheritance. • Clue 2: He is famous for his experiments with pea plants. • Clue 3: He is often called the father of modern genetics. Who is this scientist?

Answer: Gregory Mendel

Clue 1: This type of biome is characterized by cold temperatures and little precipitation. • Clue 2: It is mostly found in the northernmost regions of the Earth. • Clue 3: The tundra is an example of this biome.

Polar Biome

Clue 1: This organ system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. • Clue 2: It includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels. • Clue 3: Its main organ is the heart. What system is this?

Circulatory system

• Clue 1: This scientist discovered the circulation of blood. • Clue 2: He is considered one of the founding fathers of modern physiology. • Clue 3: His name is often associated with the “Heart’s Circulation.” Who is this scientist?

William Harvey

Clue 1: This is the smallest bone in the human body. • Clue 2: It is located in the ear and helps transmit sound vibrations. • Clue 3: It is part of the ossicular chain, along with the malleus and incus. What bone is this?

Stapes

The Hylonomous was the earliest known member of this class. Members of this class of animal are cold-blooded and usually covered in scutes or scales. Turtles, lizards, and snakes

Reptiles

• Contains pistil and stamen. • Found only in angiosperms. • Includes sporangia. • Colorful reproductive structures.

Flowers

• Copied in PCR. • Split by helicase. • Bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine. • Double helix. • Contains genetic information.

DNA

• Once thought to be a Torosaurus. • Species: horridus and prorsus. • Mistaken for a bison. • Three horns. • Hunted by T. rex.

Triceratops

• Opposed by glucagon. • Released by beta cells. • Comes from pancreas. • Regulates blood sugar. • Needed in type 1 diabetes

Insulin

• Genome sequenced in 2000. • White-eyed mutation studied. • Used by Thomas Hunt Morgan. • Model organism.

Fruit Fly

• Previously called shell shock. • Flashbacks and nightmares. • EMDR therapy used. • Caused by traumatic events.

PTSD

• Covered in myelin. • Send action potentials. • Sensory and motor types. • Found in nervous system.

Neurons

• Largest human organ. • Layers: dermis, epidermis. • Secretes sebum. • Affected by acne and eczema.

Skin

• Starts with CO₂ and RuBP. • Happens in chloroplasts. • Involves light absorption. • Produces sugars. • Includes light-dependent reactions.

Photosynthesis

• Semi-permeable boundary. • Made of phospholipid bilayer. • Found in both cell types. • Controls osmosis and diffusion. • Protects organelles.

Cell membrane

• Tree variant lives in New Guinea. • Genus: Dendrolagus (tree-kangaroos). • Related to wallabies. • Largest hopping marsupial. • Native to Australia

Kangaroo

• Spread by mosquitoes. • Name means “Bad Air.” • Treated with quinine from cinchona. • Fought with DDT. • Caused by parasites.

Malaria

• First described in Ancient India. • Used sutures. • Edwin Smith Papyrus. • Involves cutting tissue. • Treats patient conditions.

Surgery

• Produced by bees. • Stored in wax combs. • Low moisture = long shelf life. • Byproduct of aphids. • Doesn’t spoil.

Honey

• Nine-banded type common in U.S. • Give birth to identical quadruplets. • Can roll into a ball. • Linked to leprosy. • Includes pink fairy and hairy types.

Armadillos

• Includes cyanobacteria. • Live in symbiosis with fungi (lichens). • Can cause blooms. • Found in water. • Green marine protists.

Algae

• Prevented by vaccination. • Edward Jenner’s discovery. • Spread through contaminated items. • Eradicated in 1970s. • Name means “pocks.”

Smallpox

• Febrile types happen in children with high fevers. • Grand mal is a specific type. • Treated with split-brain surgery.

Seizures

• Use a syrinx to vocalize. • Warm-blooded descendants of dinosaurs. • Hollow bones and four-chambered hearts.

Birds

• Types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA • Single-stranded nucleic acid • Does not contain deoxyribose • Involved in protein synthesis • Silenced by Argonaute proteins

RNA

• Clotting occurs here • People with hemophilia lack clotting proteins • Includes serum • Classified into types like O negative

Blood

• Lucid type can be controlled • Freud described manifest and latent content • Occur during REM sleep • Explained by activation-synthesis theory

Dreams

• Discovered using gold foil and alpha particles • Center of the atom • Shell model predicts islands of stability • High binding energy • Contains protons and neutrons

Atomic Nucleus

• Affected by acid reflux and GERD • Treated with proton pump inhibitors • Leads to the stomach • Food travels down this muscular tube

Esophagus

• Laika went to space aboard Sputnik 2 • Studied by Ivan Pavlov • Salivated at the sound of a bell • Part of the canine family • Domestic animals

Dogs

• Produced in the substantia nigra • Low levels in Parkinson’s disease • Affects pleasure and reward systems • Broken down by monoamine oxidase • A neurotransmitter

Dopamine

• Tested in the Visual Cliff experiment • Show lack of object permanence • Studied by developmental psychologists • Toys hidden under blankets • Very young humans

Babies

• Arranged in a karyotype • Contain DNA and chromatin • Humans have 23 pairs • Include sex chromosomes • Seen as lampbrush form in oocytes

Chromosomes

• Attach to thoracic vertebrae • Types include true, false, and floating • Connected by cartilage to the sternum • Form the ribcage • There are 12 pairs

Ribs

• Glycine is the simplest form • Make up about 1/3 of collagen • Used in protein synthesis • 21 are known, including methionine and lysine • Linked by residues

Amino Acids

• Alternate between polyp and medusa forms • Contain nematocysts (stinging cells) • Includes lion’s mane and Portuguese Man O’ War • Belong to phylum Cnidaria • Some species are biologically immortal

Jellyfish

• Have the shortest wavelength in the EM spectrum • Produced in nuclear fission • Used in Mössbauer spectroscopy • Can occur in gamma-ray bursts • Followed by longer wavelengths like X-rays

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Made of six carbon atoms • First step of glycolysis is phosphorylation by hexokinase • Formed from CO₂ and water during photosynthesis • Stored as glycogen in animals • Most common monosaccharide

Glucose

• Cultured in suspension or adherent forms • Schleiden and Schwann created a theory about them • Go through G2, S, and M phases • Contain organelles • Building blocks of life

Cells

• Detected by long-wavelength cones in the eye • Color of erythrocytes • Found in algal blooms and bruises • Sign of inflammation • Caused by iron in hemoglobin

Red

• Cyanide binds to complex IV in this organelle • Contains maternal DNA • Generates ATP • Result of endosymbiosis • “Powerhouse of the cell”

Mitochondria

• Labeled with p and q arms • Observed in karyotypes • Involved in crossing over during meiosis • Humans have 46 • Extra 21st causes Down syndrome . Attached near centromere

Chromosomes

• Early versions used mice, rabbits, and frogs • Detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) • Use a urine sample • Indicate presence of a fetus • Modern forms work with chemical indicators

Pregnancy Test

• Treated by drugs like enfuvirtide and lamivudine • Associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma • Targets helper T-cells • Reverse transcriptase activity blocked by AZT (zidovudine) • Retrovirus that causes AIDS

HIV

• Influenced by Malthus • Based on natural selection • Assumes genetic variation and differential fitness • Includes convergent evolution (analogous structures) • Proposed by Charles Darwin

Theory of Evolution

• Treated with MiraDry for hyperhidrosis • Early leprosy affects sensation here • Can be irritated by caterpillar hairs • Attacked by scabies mites • Contains sebaceous glands and produces sweat

Skin

• Used to prepare tetanus antitoxin • Related to zebras and Eohippus • Example of directional selection • Includes breeds like Clydesdale • Domesticated animal used for riding

Horses

• Contains rubisco and thylakoids • Site of the Calvin cycle • Present in mesophyll tissue • Green organelle for photosynthesis • Seen in Chlamydomonas

Chloroplasts

• Surrounded by a nuclear envelope • Contains genetic information • Transports RNA through pores • Called the cell’s “control center” • Site of chromosome condensation during mitosis

Nucleus

This process involves spindles Chromosomes line up on a “plate”. Steps in this process include metaphase and anaphase

Mitosis

Beta-blockers Sphygmomanometer is used to measure this quantity. A normal value is 120 over 80

Blood pressure

Water is forced into the symplast of this structure!

Roots

Most members of this order cannot synthesize vitamin c Colugo is a the closest relatives of this order

Primates

Organism has cell wall made of - chitin Algae and this organism - symbiotic relationship in lichen Have hyphae, which makes up mycelium Decomposers Example - molds, yeast

Fungi

Organelle Nucleolus synthesis Mitochondria has its own version Rough endoplasmic reticulum has attached to it

Ribosomes

Examples-Angler Fish’s light organ, Alligator snapping turtles tongue Harmless trying to be harmful One creature takes appearance of another

Mimicry

• Includes aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin • Banned cyclamate in 1969 due to bladder cancer in rats • Associated with insulin resistance • Found in diet sodas • Zero-calorie substitute for sugar

Artificial sweeteners

• Performed by animals like wombats and moles • The wombat’s backward-facing pouch helps with this • Examples include badgers and ferrets • Involves digging and creating underground chambers

Burrowing

• Site of the Cori cycle • Contains Kupffer cells, which act as macrophages • Divided into four lobes • Known for its ability to regenerate • Responsible for detoxification in the body

Liver

• Calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths float in a viscous fluid • Includes sacs known as the utricle and saccule • Contains ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes (smallest bones in the body) • Can result in tinnitus from damage to the tympanic membrane • Perceives sound waves through vibrations • Located in the head, part of the hearing system

Ears

Use ZW chromosome sex determination system.

Aves

• Zoology classification that includes crocodiles and alligators • Archaeopteryx was once considered the oldest member of this class • Warm-blooded vertebrates, most of which can fly • Direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs • Has feathers and lays eggs

Aves

• Includes organisms like tapeworms and leeches • Parasitoid relationships harm the host • The cuckoo bird is known for this behavior • Plasmodium is an example of this type of organism • Organisms that depend on hosts for nourishment

Parasites

• Can be treated with vaccines, unlike bacteria • Includes HIV, influenza, and smallpox • Infections cannot be treated with antibiotics • Surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid • Often classified as phages when infecting bacteria

Viruses

• A fusion process combining atomic nuclei • Deuterium and tritium are used in inertial confinement • Powers stars through the proton-proton chain • Forms helium and releases energy • Opposite of fission

Nuclear fusion

• Nephrons are the functional units • Linked to the bladder via ureters • Failure leads to dialysis • Filters blood and produces urine • Includes the loop of Henle

Kidneys

• This letter represents a nucleobase in RNA • Forms pairs with adenine in DNA • Uracil replaces thymine in RNA • Cells involved in immune responses are also named after this letter • In T-cells, the “T” stands for this letter

• Can have petals that attract pollinators • The calyx protects the developing version of this structure • Found in monocots, with parts arranged in multiples of three • Contains stamens and pistils in perfect examples • Known for colorful petals and nectar

Flowers

• Known for mimicking sea snakes and stingrays • Some species, like the blue-ringed variety, are deadly • Use suction cups to manipulate objects, like unscrewing jar lids • Possess eight arms • A type of cephalopod mollusk

Octopuses

• Vital organ in the circulatory system • Pumps blood through arteries and veins • Monitored using an EKG/ECG machine • Can be affected by heart attacks and arrhythmias • The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body . Levine Signs Bachman bundle and purkinje fibers depolarization QRS complex in ekg Four chambers atria and ventricles

Heart

Filling of various niches Galápagos Islands Original of species Natural selection is an important mechanism in this theory

Evolution

Infectious agents contains DNA or RNA Protein coat, capsid Use our body for reproduction HIV Influenza

Viruses

• Includes trout and salmon • First cloned by George Streisinger • Examples like stickleback and zebrafish • Water-breathing vertebrates • One of the oldest classes of vertebrates

Fish

• E. coli bacteria are commonly studied using this organism • Semi-conservative replication of DNA was proven with this organism • Involved in lambda phage experiments • O157:H7 strain is pathogenic • Found in the gut of humans and animals

E. coli

• Known as the “powerhouse of the cell” • Involved in ATP synthesis • Cristae increase the surface area of the inner membrane • Contains its own DNA • Releases cytochrome c during apoptosis

Mitochondria

• Involved in photosynthesis • Has a wax cuticle to prevent water loss • Contains stomata for gas exchange • The leaf blade changes color in autumn • The palisade layer helps in light absorption

Leaves

• DNA is transcribed into RNA • Contains four bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine • Discovered by Miescher in 1869 • Wrapped around histones to form chromosomes • The genetic material in living organisms

DNA

• Metabolism studied by Jacques Monod and Francois Jacob • Contains a beta-1,4 glycosidic bond • Found in milk • Many people of Scandinavian descent are lactose intolerant

Lactose

• These structures contain enzymes to break down food • Found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum • Produce proteins and other macromolecules • The rough version has ribosomes attached • These organelles are essential for cell function

Ribosomes

• Used in medication to fight bacterial infections • Targets cell wall synthesis in bacteria • Includes penicillin and cephalosporins • Often classified as antibiotics • Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming

Antibiotics

• This principle is fundamental to natural selection • Describes the survival and reproduction of the most adapted organisms • Proposed by Charles Darwin • Relies on the presence of genetic variation • Results in evolution over generations

Survival of the fittest

Cells produced in bone marrow Through hematopoiesis Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and platelets Oxygen transport

Blood cells

1. Holes called fenestrae; trepanning relieves pressure via burr holes. 2. Bones joined by fibrous sutures; includes frontal, occipital, temporal bones.

Skull

1. Growth phases: anagen, telogen, catagen; rich in alpha-keratin with disulfide bonds (bad smell when burned). 2. Includes bulb and follicle; sebum supplies oil stripped by shampooing.

Hair frolicles

• CT scans show they can rotate their necks 270 degrees. • Types include great-horned and snowy. • Some are named for their screech; barn owl is most widespread. • Known for “hoot-hoot” calls.

Owls

• Edith’s checkerspot nearly wiped out by Ribwort Plantain. • Butterfly rash is a lupus sign. • Wings warn predators (Mullerian mimicry). • Caterpillars metamorphose into butterflies.

Butterfly

• Split deactivation causes tortoiseshell/calico cat patterns. • Lyonization creates Barr bodies. • Colorblindness inherited via this chromosome.

Chromosomes

• HeLa is a famous cell line. • Anthropic principle is based on our existence. • Anthropocene epoch named for human impact. • Interbred with Neanderthals.

Human

• ACE enzyme found in lung capillaries. • DPPA surfactant keeps them compliant. • Gas exchange in alveoli. • Diaphragm controls breathing.

Lungs

• Crystallin increases refractive index. • Chambers filled with aqueous humour. • Cataracts cloud the lens. • Retina has rods and cones; iris controls pupil.

Eyes

• Smithies, Evans, and Capecchi won a Nobel Prize in 2007 for gene-editing work on this model organism. • The knockout variant comes from Mus musculus. • These rodents have tails longer than their bodies, pointed noses, and rounded ears, and are often confused with rats.

Mice

• Imperfections in these devices cause spherical, coma, and chromatic aberrations. • Their power is measured in diopters, the reciprocal of focal length. • They come in concave and convex varieties and are found in microscopes, telescopes, and glasses.

Lenses

• Discovered accidentally by Christian de Duve when enzyme activity dropped with acid phosphatase. • Tay Sachs disease affects this organelle rich in hydrolytic enzymes. • Its name reflects its function of breaking down waste products.

Lysosomes

• He Jiankui used CRISPR unethically to edit babies’ DNA for resistance to this disease. • HAART treatment inhibits protease, integrase, and reverse transcriptase of this retrovirus. • Became an epidemic in the 1980s in the U.S.

HIV

• Enterochromaffin-like cells produce histamine here. • G cells activate parietal cells to secrete acid neutralized by bicarbonate later. • Located between the esophagus and duodenum. • Uses hydrochloric acid to convert food into chyme.

Stomach

• Counted using Wright’s stain. • Includes neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages. • B and T cells produce antibodies. • Regulate immune system, contrasted with red blood cells.

White blood cells

• Can increase risk of Reye’s syndrome in children. • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug derived from willow bark. • Bayer trademarked this salicylate in 1899. • Used for pain, fever, and reducing stroke risk.

Aspirin

• Cycloheximide inhibits their translocation function. • Sometimes called organelles despite lacking membranes. • Give rough ER its name. • Carry out translation of proteins.

Ribosomes

• Severe reactions to this condition are called anaphylaxis and treated with epinephrine. • Caused by increased histamine levels leading to hives, runny nose, and breathing difficulty. • Triggered by immune response to substances like peanuts, dust, or pollen.

Allergies

• Units of DNA encoding phenotypes, located at loci on chromosomes. • Inheritance laws by Gregor Mendel involve these units. • Epistasis occurs when one depends on another. • Punnet squares predict ratios of these units in offspring.

Genes

• Bloodsucking annelids of subclass Hirudinea used historically to restore “humours.” • Create Y-shaped bite marks. • Collected by walking old animals through wetlands.

Leeches

• Bind to Shine-Dalgarno sequence upstream of methionine start codon. • Have A, P, and E sites transporting tRNA. • Found free in cytoplasm or on rough ER. • Synthesize proteins.

Ribosomes

• Cloned animal named Dolly was of this species. • Wool-producing animals. • U.S. Army sprayed nerve gas to kill these animals in Utah’s Skull Valley. • Finnish Dorset breed includes famous individuals.

Sheep

• Polysaccharide forming plant cell walls and cotton fibers. • Humans cannot digest it, but cows and termites can with gut bacteria. • Used as stationary phase in thin layer chromatography.

Cellulose

• Tissue formed by secretion of aggrecan and Type 2 collagen. • Contains chondrocytes. • Makes up intervertebral discs, ears, and noses. • Difficult to repair due to fixed cell locations.

Cartilage