Chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
Chemical symbol Ag
High electrical conductivity
Commonly used in jewelry and electronics
Found in ores called argentite and is extracted through process called sine radiation
A
Silver
2
Q
Yellow/Green halogen gas
Used to disinfect swimming pools
A
Chlorine
3
Q
Noble gas
Atomic number 10
Has reddish glow when electrified
It is colorless and odorless in its natural state
A
Neon
4
Q
Tubular arrangement which organizes its elements based on atomic number, electron configurations and recurring chemical properties
Dimitri Mendeleev
A
Periodic table
5
Q
Heat treatment process, named after French chemist
Destroys harmful microorganisms in food and beverages
A
Pasteurization
6
Q
Metallic element, with symbol the Sn
This is combined with copper to make bronze
Atomic number 50
Exhibits allotropy
Cassiterite m . is primary ore
A
Tin
7
Q
Scale measures the acidity or basicity of a solution
It measures from1-14
A
ph scale
8
Q
Branch of chemistry focuses on the study of carbon containing compounds
A
Organic Chemistry
9
Q
What reaction releases heat/ light and often involves oxygen
A
Combustion
10
Q
German Scientist
Namesake of a laboratory burner
A
Robert Bunsen
11
Q
Group of elements on periodic table known for having low reactivity
Full valence of electrons
A
Noble gases
12
Q
Toxic, diatomic gas
Composed of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom
A
Carbon monoxide
13
Q
What metal has the chemical symbol W
This is used in incandescent light bulb filaments
Atomic number 74
Highest melting point.
A
Tungsten
14
Q
Which American chemist developed a classification of acids and bases.
A
Gilbert N. Lewis
15
Q
What process is used to separate solid particles from a liquid using a porous medium
A
Filtration
16
Q
What term refers to substances which can cause cancer, such as arsenic
A
Carcinogens
17
Q
This subatomic particle has a positive charge and is found in the nucleus of an atom
Discovered by Ernest Rutherford
Hydrogen has only one of these in its nucleus
Its mass is approximately 1 atomic mass unit
A
Proton
18
Q
This is the fundamental units of matter, consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Nucleus
Smallest unit
A
Atom
19
Q
This substance is composed of only one atom and is found on the periodic table
Example: Oxygen
Example: Hydrogen
A
Element
20
Q
This substance consists of two or more elements chemically bonded together
Example: Sodium chloride
Chemical bonds
A
Compound
21
Q
This term describes two or more elements chemically bonded together
Smallest unit of a compound
Example: H2O
A
Molecule
22
Q
This type of chemical bond forms when atoms share electrons
Molecule formation
Nonmetals
A
Covalent bond
23
Q
This type of chemical bond forms when electrons are transferred between atoms
Positive and Negative ions
Metals + nonmetals
A
Ionic Bond
24
Q
This scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance from 0 to 14
Acids: <7
Bases: > 7
A
ph scale
25
This process involves the loss of electrons in a chemical reaction
This involves rusting
Redox reactions
Oxidation
26
What phase change occurs when a solid transforms directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state?
It commonly happens to dry ice
Occurs under low pressure
Sublimation
27
What medieval field of study aimed to turn base metals into gold and influenced modern chemistry?
Practitioners sought the philosopher’s stone
It was popular in Europe and Islamic World
Alchemy
28
What substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed in the process?
It lowers activation energy.
It remains unchanged after the reaction.
Catalyst
29
What is the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration?
It does not require energy
It occurs in gases and liquids
Diffusion
30
What French scientist discovered the role of oxygen in combustion and is known as the “father of modern chemistry”?
He was executed during the French Revolution
He developed the law of conservation of mass
Antoine Lavoisier
31
What colorless gas, represented by NH₃, is the simplest amine and is commonly used in fertilizers?
It has a strong pungent smell
It is produced naturally by bacterial decomposition
Ammonia
32
What chemical process separates liquids based on their different boiling points
It is used purify water and make alcoholic beverages
It is essential in petroleum refining
Distillation
33
What halogen is added to table salt to help regulate thyroid function?
It is a dark purple solid at room temperatures
It is found in seaweed and in some sea food
Iodine
34
What silvery-white metal is resistant to corrosion and is commonly used in stainless steel?
It is a transition metal and has atomic number 28
It is used in rechargeable batteries and coins
Nickel
35
What English mathematician and computer scientist developed a test to determine whether a machine exhibits human-like intelligence?
He is considered the father of modern computing.
His work laid the foundation for artificial intelligen
Alan Turning
36
What programming language, developed by James Gosling in 1990, is widely used for web applications and mobile development?
It was originally called Oak
It was used in Android App development
Java
37
What alkaline Earth metal is essential for maintaining strong bones and teeth in the human body?
It is commonly found in diary products
It helps with muscle function and nerve signaling
Calcium
38
What gas, composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms, is a greenhouse gas and a natural byproduct of respiration?
It is caused by fossil fuels being burned
It is absorbed during photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide
39
What element is found in both the Earth’s stratosphere, where it forms a protective layer, and at ground level as a pollutant?
It absorbs harmful UV rays
In excess it contributes to smogb
Ozone
40
• Clue 1: This metal has the symbol Fe and is known for its strength.
• Clue 2: It is the main component of steel.
• Clue 3: It is often used in construction and manufacturing.
Iron
41
Clue 1: This force is responsible for holding objects together at the atomic level.
• Clue 2: It is stronger than gravity in small distances.
• Clue 3: It is responsible for holding protons and neutrons together in the
Strong nuclear force
42
Clue 1: This is the branch of science that deals with the structure, properties, and reactions of matter.
• Clue 2: This field involves studying elements, compounds, and chemical reactions.
• Clue 3: This is one of the central branches of science, alongside physics, biology, and earth science.
What field of science is this?
Chemistry
43
• Clue 1: This chemical element has the symbol Na.
• Clue 2: It is highly reactive and forms salts when combined with halogens.
• Clue 3: This element is a key component of table salt (NaCl).
What element is this?
Sodium
44
• Cooper pairs act like bosons.
• Positron is the antiparticle.
• Negative charge.
• Orbit nucleus.
• Carry electromagnetic force.
Electrons
45
• Part of the combined gas law.
• Proportional to temperature.
• Inversely proportional to pressure.
• 22.4 liters per mole.
• Measured in liters.
Volume
46
• Solid carbon.
• Monitored by Sentinel satellites.
• Includes lignite and anthracite.
• Paris Agreement cuts required.
Coal
47
• Contain hydroxyl group.
• Methanol and ethanol.
• Primary oxidized to aldehydes.
• In liquor.
Alchohols
48
• Cools the body when sweating.
• Produces salt from saline water.
• Liquid to gas.
• Boiling is a related process.
Evaporation
49
• Forms buckyballs.
• Found in diamonds and graphite.
• Essential to organic life.
• Found in glucose.
Carbon
50
• Denoted with capital N.
• 6 × 10²³ particles per mole.
• Number of atoms in 16g of oxygen.
• Defined by Jean Perrin.
• Units: particles per mole.
Avogadros
51
• Appears in Reynolds number formula.
• Kinematic = dynamic / density.
• Measures fluid’s internal resistance.
• Related to how “thick” or “sticky” a fluid is.
• Used in fluid dynamics.
Viscosity
52
• Invented blasting cap using mercury fulminate.
• Developed nitroglycerin.
• Founded a famous prize.
• Associated with explosives.
• Swedish chemist.
Alfred Bernhardt Nobel
53
• Speed up chemical reactions.
• Work by stabilizing transition state.
• Lower activation energy.
• Affected by poisoning.
• Explained by Sabatier principle.
Catalyst
54
• Second most abundant element.
• Becomes a superfluid.
• Two hydrogen atoms form it.
• Nuclei = alpha particles.
• Makes balloons float.
Helium
55
• Includes helium, neon, argon.
• Full valence shell.
• Rarely react chemically.
• Includes element oganesson.
• Also called inert gases.
Noble Gases
56
• Found in tea and coffee.
• Alkaloid stimulant.
• Used for sleep apnea.
• Contains methylxanthine.
• Prevents drowsiness.
Caffeine
57
This element is used in thermometer and barometer.
Chemical symbol Hg
It is known as quicksilver
Mercury
58
• Measured in millimeters in barometers.
• Used in amalgams.
• Liquid at room temperature.
• Toxic methyl form bioaccumulates in fish.
Mercury
59
• Produced in the Sabatier process
• Main part of biogas
• Released by volcanoes and swamps
• Simplest alkane
• Formula is CH₄
Methane
60
• Can be cations or anions
• Held together by electrostatic attraction
• Involved in ionic compounds
• Have positive or negative charges
• Lattice energy can be calculated via Hess’s Law
Ions
61
62
• Symbol Zn
• Used to galvanize steel
• Found in brass (with copper)
• Forms the “zinc finger” protein structure in DNA
• Common in sunscreen and ointments
Zinc
63
• Found in single, double, or triple bonds
• Part of ozone (O₃), which absorbs UV light
• Exchanged for carbon dioxide during respiration
• Has atomic number 8
• Symbol is
Oxygen
64
• Exist in smectic and nematic phases
• Include liquid crystals and liquid nitrogen
• Used in HPLC chromatography
• Result from melting
• Thermodynamic state of matter
Liquids
65
• Drive redox reactions
• Involved in anion formation
• Form clouds of orbitals
• Bond with Lewis acids
• Carry a negative charge
Electrons
66
• Heated by microwaves due to dipole moment
• Exists in a “heavy” form with deuterium
• Bent shape due to lone pairs
• Known as the “universal solvent”
• Made of H₂O
Water
67
• Found in lodestones
• Explained by geodynamo theory
• Causes compasses to point north
• Involves materials like nickel and iron
• Concentrated in the Moon’s crust
Magnetism
68
• Shared Nobel Prize with Henri Becquerel
• Includes Marie, Pierre, and Jacques
• Discovered Radium and Polonium
• Researched radioactivity and uranium
• Connected to pitchblende studies
Curie
69
• Located in Group 18
• Include neon and helium
• Have full valence shells
• Low reactivity
• Written in brackets in electron configurations
Noble gases
70
• Green diatomic gas
• Part of mustard gas and hydrochloric acid
• Used to disinfect swimming pools
• Present in aqua regia
• Chemical symbol is Cl
. Atomic #17
Chlorine
71
• Central to the “spin crisis” in particle physics
• Can decay into a positron and a neutral pion (hypothetically)
• Found in cosmic rays
• Made of two up quarks and one down quark
• Subatomic particles with a positive charge
Protons
72
• Extracted using cyanide leaching
• Key to the Rutherford scattering experiment
• Dissolves in aqua regia
• Resembled by fool’s gold (pyrite)
• Chemical symbol Au, highly malleable metal
Gold
73
• Includes siRNA, miRNA, mRNA
• Translated by ribosomes
• Contains uracil, not thymine
• Single-stranded
• Involved in protein synthesis
RNA
74
• Types: lyophilic and lyophobic
• Cause Tyndall effect
• Includes aerosols, milk, and foams
• Scatters blue light more than red
• Undergo flocculation with clarifying agents
Colloids
75
• Driven by concentration gradients
• Described by Fick’s Laws
• Involves random walk, Brownian motion
• Includes osmosis
• Movement from high to low concentration
Diffusion
76
• Symbol is Cu
• Turns green when oxidized
• Present in brass and bronze
• Found in electrical wires
• Gives blue blood to some crustaceans
Copper
77
Rubber can be cracked by this molecule
The amount of this substance can be measured using Dobson units
This molecule absorbs ultraviolet radiation
Ozone
78
Vitamin D helps absorb this element
Stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells
Calcium
79
This quantity is minimized in binary mixtures .
For water compounds, this quantity can be found by multiplying the molality by 1.86
Freezing point
80
Periodic table
Quantity increase from bottom left to top right
Cesium has highest and flouring has highest value
Measured in Pauling scale
Attract electrons
Electronegativity
81
Supercritical compound
Decaffeinate coffee
Ocean acidification is a result of this compound
Dry ice
Green house gas by burning fossil fuels
Carbon dioxide
82
Strong force prevent the breakdown of these structures by overcoming electromagnetic repulsion
Ernst Rutherford
Collection of neutrons and protons
Ex. Firing of alpha particles in gold foil
Atomic nucleus
83
Element
With copper this element it forms Gilman reagent
Main ingredient in bipolar disorder
Used in rechargeable batteries
Lightest alkali metal with atomic number 3
Lithium
84
85
• Defined as the negative logarithm of proton concentration
• Ranges from 1 to 14, with low values indicating acidity
• Commonly estimated with indicators
• Buffer solutions stabilize this value
• Used to classify solutions as acidic or basic
ph scale
86
• Found in acetyl-CoA, part of amino acids like methionine
• Important in electron transport in mitochondria
• Element used to create bridges in proteins
• Known for its yellow color
• Present in rotten egg smell
Sulfur
87
• Uses a burette to add solution to an analyte
• Measures concentration of an unknown solution
• Includes a complexometric version with EDTA
• One type uses sulfur dioxide and iodine
• Common in laboratory titrations
Titration
88
• Examples include PVC and Nylon
• Made of monomers in a chain-growth mechanism
• Described as living if they cannot terminate
• Formed by free radical initiators
• Polymeric molecules that have low polydispersity
Polymers
89
• A strong variety occurs in water molecules
• Involves hydrogen and oxygen atoms
• Describes interactions involving N, O, or F
• Important in biological molecules like DNA
• Responsible for water’s high boiling point
Hydrogen bonds
90
• A strong variety occurs in water molecules
• Involves hydrogen and oxygen atoms
• Describes interactions involving N, O, or F
• Important in biological molecules like DNA
• Responsible for water’s high boiling point
Hydrogen
91
• Made of unit cells arranged into a lattice
• Forms grain boundaries in 2D
• Can undergo twinning
• Examples include diamonds
• Crystalline solids with ordered atomic structures
Crystals
92
• Represents the energy required to remove an electron
• Highest for helium
• Increases from left to right and bottom to top
• Measured in electron volts (eV)
• Influences electronegativity and chemical bonding
Ionization
93
• Forms superfluids when cooled below the lambda point
• The nucleus of this element is the same as an alpha particle
• It is the second-lightest element in the universe
• Commonly used in balloons
• Named after the Greek personification of the sun
Helium
94
This is the heaviest element in dioprotic strong acid.
When bonded with 6 fluorine atoms it creates a potent greenhouse gas
Two atoms of this element forms a covalent bridge in proteins
Sits below oxygen on periodic table.
Sulfur
95
Related to vanderwals equation
Product and volume of ideal substance
Boils law, Charles law, Gay-lucases law
Ideal gas
96
• Found in Pyrex glass along with oxygen and silicon
• Forms borosilicates and Teflon
• Has three valence electrons, violating the octet rule
• This element has atomic number 5 and symbol B
• Lightest metalloid on the periodic table
Boron
97
• Can neutralize acids like ammonia and sodium hydroxide
• Examples include sodium hydride and ammonia
• Bases have a pH greater than 7
• Commonly used in soap making
• Molecules that donate electron pairs
Bases
98
• Made from repeating monomers
• Includes materials like Teflon and nylon
• Polymerization is the process that creates these compounds
• Includes synthetic varieties such as plastics
• Cross-linked versions have enhanced properties
Polymers
99
• Discovered by Hennig Brand
• Exposure to the white allotrope can cause jaw deformation
• Forms a radioactive form used in biological labeling
• Its atomic number is 15
• P is the symbol for this element
Phosporus
100
• Occurs when two atoms share electrons
• Involves molecules like water and oxygen
• Electron clouds are shared between atoms
• Described by the Octet Rule
• A bond that forms to make a molecule stable
Covalent bond
101
• This gas is the lightest in the periodic table
• Used in balloons because it is non-flammable and lighter than air
• Symbol: He
• Used in cryogenics and cooling systems
• Found in the sun as part of helium fusion
Helium
102
1. Pyrite (fool’s gold) contains iron disulfide compounds.
2. Found in hemes (porphyrins); names ferromagnetism in bar magnets.
3. Alloyed with carbon to form steel; atomic symbol Fe.
Iron
103
1. Found in cinnabar with sulfur; forms amalgams in alloys.
2. Liquid at room temperature; used in thermometers and caused “mad hatter disease.”
Mercury
104
Opposed by holes; less massive than muons or tauons; positron is its antiparticle.
2. Negative charge; distributed probabilistically around atomic nuclei (not clean orbits).
Electrons
105
• Lanthanides show contraction due to 4f orbitals.
• Bohr defined it for hydrogen.
• Bond length is the sum of two atomic radii.
• Francium is largest, helium is smallest.
Atomic Radius
106
• Measured with a Langmuir probe.
• Confined in tokamaks.
• Seen in auroras and lightning.
• Fourth state of matter.
Plasma
107
• Powerful reducing agent with lithium and chlorine.
• Oxide is corundum.
• Hall-Heroult process smelts it.
• Found in bauxite, used in cans and foil.
Aluminum
108
• Used in the first rechargeable battery.
• TEL in gasoline was phased out.
• Pipes made of it are hazardous.
• Symbol Pb, atomic number 82.
Led
109
• Its atmospheric concentration is plotted on the Keeling curve.
• Dissolved in oceans, it causes acidification.
• Produced during respiration and complete combustion with oxygen
Carbon dioxide
110
• Sulfurs in cysteines form this bond in proteins.
• Direct orbital overlap forms sigma bonds of this type.
• Four dots in Lewis notation represent this bond.
• Electron pairs shared between atoms, contrasted with ionic bonds.
Covalent bond
111
• Come in thermal and fast varieties.
• Only particle observed to undergo beta decay.
• Made of two down quarks and one up quark.
• Adding one creates isotopes of elements.
Neutrons
112
• Highly reactive substances with unpaired electrons, often causing cellular damage.
• Created by homolysis and represented with single barbed fish-hook arrows in mechanisms.
• Examples include superoxide, trapped by TEMPO in EPR spectroscopy.
Free radicals
113
• Toxic element once used as rat poison, symbol As.
• Found in Fowler’s solution, a potassium compound.
• Used in Salvarsan, the first syphilis treatment.
• Detected by the Marsh test.
Arsenic
114
• Element with atomic number 26, symbol Fe.
• Found in heme, giving hemoglobin oxygen affinity.
• Deficiency causes anemia.
• Messenger RNAs contain response elements for this metal.
Iron
115
• Functional groups formed in Ullmann and Williamson reactions.
• Cyclic varieties called crown ethers.
• Diethyl ether was once a common anesthetic.
Ether
