Computer Science Flashcards by Ravindra M

Digital currency
Examples are bitcoin and ethereum

Cryptocurrency

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Standard markup language used on World Wide Web

HTML

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This technology can create a simulated environment
This technology is often experienced through specialized headsets

Virtual Reality (VR)

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Wireless communication technology
Allows devices to connect to internet without using physical cables

Wi-Fi

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What term describes a set of rules used in computer programming to solve a problem
Example: Quicksort

Algorithm

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What influential programming language developed at Bell Lab
In the 1970s

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What component of a computer executes instructions and processes data, often referred to as the “brain” of the computer?
It interprets and executes program instructions.
It processes billions of calculations per second

Control Processing unit (CPU)

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What term describes the mass sending of unwanted messages, often through email or text?
It is commonly associated with scams
It is blocked by many email filters

Spamming

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What abbreviation refers to the web address used to locate resources on the Internet?
It stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
It is used to access websites.

URL

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What famous algorithmic problem involves finding the shortest possible route between a set of points that must all be visited?
It is named after a type of salesperson
It is a classic optimization problem

Traveling Salesman problem

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• Uses AFFF and CAFS foam.
• CO₂ and dry powder extinguishers.
• Done with a hose.
• Performed by first responders.

Fire Fighting

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• Tested by Turing.
• Refuted by Chinese room.
• Tries to mimic human thought.
• Called AI.

Artificial intelligence

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• Used at Flers-Courcelette.
• T-34 fought Germans.
• M4 Sherman at El Alamein.
• Rotating gun turret.
• Armored military vehicle.

Tanks

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• Evolved from Wingdings.
• Added via Unicode.
• Pictograms of expressions.
• Often faces or objects.
• Found in text messages.

Emojis

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• Built with steel frames.
• “Chicago Skeleton” method.
• William Jenney credited.
• St. Louis, New York examples.
• Tall buildings.

Skyscrapers

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• Measured in bytes.
• Includes RAM and ROM.
• Stores data in computers.
• Can be primary or secondary.
• Used by cloud and hardware systems

Memory

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This test evaluates whether a machine’s behavior is indistinguishable from that of a human
This test is used in artificial intelligence

Turing Test

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• Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory
• Ernest Lawrence and the cyclotron
• Discovery of plutonium, uranium, berkelium

California

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• Measured in millimeters in barometers.
• Used in amalgams.
• Liquid at room temperature.
• Toxic methyl form bioaccumulates in fish.

Amelia Earhart

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• Moves small amounts of fluid
• Types: vacuum, positive displacement, diaphragm
• Used in tire inflation, wells, etc.

Pump

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• Invented by Alexey Pajitnov
• Rated by ESRB
• Can influence visual memory
• Subject of Congressional hearings
• Made by Nintendo and EA

Video games

• Largest unit is yotta, with bronto proposed
• Includes RAM and ROM
• Secondary forms: external drives, memory cards, cloud storage
• Component of computers
• Stores data and instructions

Memory

• Found in programming languages
• Use keywords like for, while, and do
• Can run infinitely
• Unrolled during compilation
• Repeated until a condition is met

Loops

• Hold nutrient agar
• Used to culture cells or mold
• Linked to Alexander Fleming’s discovery
• Shallow dish for growing organisms
• Can grow penicillin mold

Petri dish

• Measured in farads • Store electric charge • Made with two parallel plates • Use a dielectric material • Common in electronic circuits

Capacitors

• Built a robot daughter (Francine) • Co-names Snell’s Law • Founded analytic geometry • Cartesian coordinate system • Said “I think, therefore I am”

Rene Descartes

• Used in rank-nullity theorem • Appear in eigenvalue equations • Use minors to compute determinants • Defined as arrays • Include rows and columns

Matrix

• One example is Ecosia, which plants trees • Use web crawling • Show delisted content when blocked • Include Google and Bing • Help users find information online

Search engines

• Mixed with asphalt to create blacktop • Poured with steel rebar for reinforcement • Different from mortar, which is used as a binder • Made of rock pieces and cement • Used in sidewalks, bridges, and buildings

Concrete

• Include greedy, divide-and-conquer, Monte Carlo types • Runtime described by Big O notation • Examples: Kruskal’s and Prim’s • Used in search and sort • Step-by-step problem-solving methods

Algorithms

• Produces Eons and Nova • Features Zoboomafoo, Sesame Street, and Arthur • Television counterpart of NPR • Educational nonprofit network • Known for science and children’s progra

PBS

• First made using a ruby crystal • Require population inversion • Use stimulated emission • Operate in coherent light • Emit focused beams of light

Lasers

• Made with wood pulp and Kraft process • Replaced parchment and papyrus • Bleaching releases chlorine dioxins • Used in Islamic world and China • Common medium for writing

Paper

• Symbolized by sigma (σ) • Square root of variance • Used in Chebyshev’s inequality • Involved in calculating Z-scores • Defines spread in a normal distrib

Standard deviation

Kyocera VP-210 was the first cellphone which had this feature Secures Technology provides this technology to prison inmates. During Covid-19 a lot of schools used this to learn

Video calling

• Twitch, Audible, and Goodreads are its subsidiaries • Known for Prime service and two-day delivery • Involved in cloud computing with AWS • Founded by Jeff Bezos

Amazon

• Proposed a test to determine if computers possess strong artificial intelligence • Refuted by John Searle with his Chinese Room thought experiment • Created a theoretical machine that manipulates symbols on an infinite tape • Known for the imitation game • A Turing machine is named after this British mathematician

Alan Turing

• Created El Petro in Venezuela • Includes Bitcoin and Ethereum • A form of digital currency • Used in blockchain • Mined through solving hash functions

Cryptocurrency

• Describes the probability of events that occur at a fixed rate • Can be Poisson or normal distribution • Describes data with a bell curve • The 68-95-99.7 rule applies to this type of distribution • Used in statistics and random variables

Distribution

• Used to describe the performance of algorithms • Described using big O notation for asymptotic behavior • Examples include quicksort for sorting and Dijkstra’s algorithm for shortest paths • Can be used in the context of computational efficiency • Named after the Arab mathematician Al-Khwarizmi

Algorithms

• Describes numbers divisible by 2 • The smallest prime number is the only one with this property • Functions with this property are symmetric about the y-axis • Numbers like 4, 6, and 8 are examples of this property • Related to even integers

Even

Teller-Ulam design used in modern U.S.-made nuclear weapons; gun method chains collisions of sub-critical material. 2. Use fissile materials like uranium or plutonium; create mushroom clouds and radioactive contamination.

Nuclear weapons

1. Governed by Bragg’s law in crystallography; used by Chandrasekhar telescope and Rosalind Franklin for DNA imaging (Photo 51). 2. Discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen between UV and gamma rays; commonly used for imaging bones.

X rays

• Mt. Gox was a major exchange. • Ethereum uses similar blockchain tech. • Invented by Satoshi Nakamoto. • Peer-to-peer cryptocurrency.

Bitcoin

• Cantor’s continuum hypothesis. • Type I/II errors relate to the null hypothesis. • Riemann hypothesis about the zeta function.

Hypothesis

• Flat panels use electroluminescence. • Use liquid crystals or LEDs. • Resolution measured in pixels. • Touchscreens use capacitors.

Displays

• Uses registers for fast data access. • Can be overclocked for performance. • Supports multi-threading and parallel programming. • Often called CPU or microprocessor.

Processor

• Paired with “op” for an operational amplifier. • Cyclic molecule with adenosine is cAMP. • SI unit for current starts with these letters. • Also a device used by electric guitars.

AMP

• Hero of Alexandria’s aeolipile was an early precursor. • Rankine cycle analyzes its efficiency. • James Watt improved it by recycling vapor for condensation. • Powered factories during the industrial revolution.

Steam engines

• Separates DNA by size using an electric field through agarose. • Uses carcinogenic ethidium bromide for visualization. • Conducted before transfer step in Southern blot.

Electrophoresis