Physical Therapy, Rehab, and Alternative Medical Nursing Flashcards
a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered part of conventional medicine
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
used in conjunction with conventional medicine
Complementary medicine
used instead of conventional medicine
Alternative medicine
food and nutritive substances with medicinal effects
Nutraceuticals
oral or injectable medications that can help maintain the health of cartilage cushions
Chondroprotectants
the practice of using plant materials to treat patients and includes flowers, stems, leaves, bark, seeds, and roots
Herbal Medicine
a combination of two or more single herbs that work synergistically to create a therapeutic effect
Herbal formula
What are the 3 branches of herbal medicine?
- Chinese
- Western
- Ayurvedic
Most commonly used branch of herbal medicine in vet med
Chinese herbal medicine
Why is it important to educate clients on proper use and side effects of herbal medicine?
Clients often equate herbs with complete safety BUT some herbs have a low margin of safety
Why are herbs generally less toxic than chemically formulated drugs?
Therapeutic substances in herbs are not as concentrated as chemically formulated drugs
Most commonly used herb preparation for herbivores
Chopped/Powdered
Most commonly used herb preparation for carnivores
Capsules/Tablets
Extracts are made by concentrating the herb in _____ or _____.
alcohol or glycerin
Herbal extracts are measured based on the specific amount of _____ rather than _____.
Measured based on the specific amount of the active ingredient rather than the herb itself
Made by soaking the herb or extract in hot water then allowed to cool
Poultices/Compresses
information about the medicinal use of herbs similar to a drug formulary
Materia Medica
the insertion of very thin needles through the skin at specific points and depths on the body
Acupuncture
Most acupuncture points are located in areas of skin with _____ or ______.
decreased electrical resistance or increased electrical conductivity
the acupuncture points located in areas where nerves enter muscles and produce a maximal contraction with minimal intensity of electrical stimulation
Type I Points
the acupuncture points located on the superficial nerves in the sagittal plane on the dorsal and ventral midlines
Type II Points
the acupuncture points located at high-density loci of superficial nerves and nerve plexuses
Type III Points
the acupuncture points located at the muscle-tendon junctions where the Golgi tendon organs are located
Type IV
applying firm digital pressure to an acupuncture point for a specific length of time
Acupressure
the insertion of a sterile filiform needle into an acupuncture point for 15-30 minutes to elicit a response
Dry Needle
the insertion of a sterile filiform needle into an acupuncture point and applying an electrical current to the needles to increase the therapeutic response
Electro-Acupuncture
electro-acupuncture that predominantly stimulates A-delta fibers and releases beta-endorphins and met-enkephalins
Low Frequency Electro-Acupuncture (1-40 Hz)
electro-acupuncture that predominantly stimulates C-fibers and releases dynorphins
High Frequency Electro-Acupuncture (80-120 Hz)
electro-acupuncture that predominantly stimulates serotonergic fibers and releases serotonin and epinephrine
Very High Frequency Electro-Acupuncture (200 Hz)
the injection of a sterile liquid (such as saline, vitamin B12, lidocaine, and Adequan) into an acupuncture point and causes constant stimulation of the point for an extended period
Aqua-Acupuncture
the rolling of Artemisia vulgaris into a cigar shape and burning it just above the acupuncture point without touching the skin
Moxibustion
the injection of sterile pieces of a gold bead or wire into acupuncture points for permanent implantation and long-term stimulation for chronic conditions
Gold Implantation
the injection of air under the skin in the subcutaneous space to produce pressure by air and stimulate the acupuncture points, nerves, and muscles
Pneumo-Acupuncture
Pneumo-Acupuncture is only used for ______.
Muscle atrophy
the insertion of a hypodermic needle into the acupuncture point that is located on a blood vessel to draw blood and release heat, toxins, and fever
Hemo-Acupuncture
the use of a low-level laser therapy to emit light to penetrate the tissues and stimulate acupuncture points
Laser Acupuncture
a therapy used to manually restore reduced motion in the spine and limbs, thereby improving patient mobility, comfort, and nervous system function
Veterinary Spinal Manipulative Therapy (VSMT)
the abnormal relationship between two adjacent vertebrae and is marked by altered mobility, pain on palpation, and abnormal tension in the surrounding paraspinal muscles
Subluxation/Vertebral Subluxation Complex (VSC)
refers to physical aspects of a disability or disorder
Physical Therapy
the relief of pain and restoration of mobility and function
Rehabilitation
A rehabilitation exam includes
1.
2.
3.
- Gait analysis
- Goniometry
- Muscle mass measurement
the portion of a rehabilitation exam that determines lameness subjectively by watching the patient walk/trot or objectively by force plate analysis/pressure mat analysis
Gait Analysis
the portion of a rehabilitation exam that determines range of motion in all distal joints
Gonimetry
a device used to measure range of motion, both extension and flexion
Goniometer
a device used to measure muscle mass, specifically on limbs to determine muscle atrophy and around the abdomen to determine weight loss
Gulick
Phases of tissue healing:
1.
2.
3.
- Inflammatory Phase
- Reparative Phase
- Remodeling Phase
the phase of tissue healing in which a fibrous plug (hematoma) is formed, chemotaxis is then initiated, and neutrophils appear to minimize infection
Inflammatory Phase (3-5 days)
the phase of tissue healing in which an influx of fibroblasts prepares the cell matrix to increase tensile strength
Reparative Phase (2 weeks)
the phase of tissue healing in which the collagen fibers create cross-link patterns to maintain stable scar tissue formation
Remodeling Phase (1 year)
What are the types of bone healing?
- Primary Healing (Direct Bone Healing)
- Secondary Healing (Indirect Bone Healing)
occurs when there is direct formation of bone across the fracture line, reabsorption cavities form through Haversian canals and osteoblasts move through this canal to prepare to lay down new bone formation
Primary Healing (Direct Bone Healing)
occurs when there is a large gap formation between bone fragments and a callus is formed
Secondary Healing (Indirect Bone Healing)
_______ indicates the amount of instability at a fracture site
Callus size
states that bone will be remodeled according to the appropriate stress forces applied and reabsorbed where no force is delivered
Wolfs’ Law
Controlled passive movement is allowed at _____ after tendon injury to allow proper alignment of collagen fibers
3 weeks
What is the goal of tendon healing?
Minimize adhesion formation to facilitate return to max function
____ and ____ dictates exercise therapy intensity level and duration.
Patient’s strength and pain level
What is a good rule of thumb for exercise based therapy?
Start conservatively so patient does not have initial setback
_____ exercises help the patient develop better body awareness
Proprioception
Adding ____ to endurance exercises can make them more weight bearing
hills/stairs/incline/decline
Incline endurance exercises aid ______ limb disease.
Decline endurance exercises aid ______ limb disease.
pelvic
thoracic
Neuromuscular re-education exercises involve _____ and ______ corrections
posture and gait
the use of water to promote physical activity by taking advantage of temperature, buoyancy, and pressure
Hydrotherapy
Swimming helps strengthen ____ because _____
thoracic limbs because they use stronger thoracic limb strokes
teaching the body to act in a certain way without conscious thought
Patterning
Max strengthening occurs when the water level is at the _____.
Stifle
Why are land treadmill benefits maximized when set to uphill or downhill?
The belt movement reduces the body’s needle for self-propulsion
systematic and scientific manipulation of the soft tissues of the body for the purpose of obtaining or maintaining health
Massage
the type of massage that uses finger pressure at specific points in the body to promote circulation and stimulate the nervous system
Shiatsu Massage
the type of massage in which a therapist feels for taut bands or knots that have a point of maximal tenderness and then applies ischemic compression for 8-15 seconds to relieve the tension
Myotherapy (Trigger-Point Massage)
a tension release technique in which direct pressure is applied over a trigger point to push the blood out of the tissue, the pressure is then released to allow blood to quickly infiltrate the tissue
Ischemic Compression
characterized as having a restriction of blood supply to tissue, a muscle group, or an organ
Ischemic
characterized as having an excess of blood in the vessels supplying tissue, a muscle group, or an organ
Hyperemic
a type of sports massage meant to assist with competition performance
Event Sports Massage
a type of sports massage meant to get the animal relaxed and ready to compete
Pre-Event
a type of sports massage meant to keep the patient tuned up and ready for the next competition
Interevent
a type of sports massage meant to flush out metabolic waste and reduces muscle spasms and soreness
Post-event
a type of sports massage meant to prevent injury and expedite the healing of injured tissue
Maintenance Sports Massage
the type of massage that focuses on the body’s superficial layers and is relatively gentle
Swedish
the massage technique involving a gliding stroke that follows the contour of the body in the direction of the hair to evaluate tissue and enhance blood flow
Effleurage
the massage technique involving rhythmic lifting, squeezing, and releasing of tissue to help remove metabolic waste and promote circulation by forming a “C” shape with the hand
Petrissage
the massage technique involving the manipulation of tissue over tendons and trigger points to break up scar tissue and skin adhesions
Friction
the massage technique involving a tapping motion of the hands or fingers to stimulate nerve endings or achieve a more sedative effect
Tapotement
the massage technique involving a rapid shaking or slower rocking of the tissue to relax muscles, reduce trigger-point activity, and mobilize a joint when used over a joint capsule
Vibration
Massage duration:
Small animal = _____
Large animal = _____
Small animal = 30 min
Large animal = 60 min
the arrangement of massage strokes
Sequence
the use of stretching to prevent loss of normal ROM, return normal ROM if absent, increase cartilage nutrition in the joint, and stimulate cartilage regeneration
Passive Range of Motion (PROM)
If joint is stationary > _____ is not circulated > less ____ available for ____.
If joint is stationary > joint fluid is not circulated > less nutrition available for chondrocytes
Rules of PROM:
If the patient is lying in lateral recumbency > keep the worked limb _______ to prevent _______.
If the patient is lying in lateral recumbency, keep the worked limb parallel to the ground to prevent torquing of joints
Rules of PROM:
Hold the joints flexed for ____ > hold it in extension for ____ > repeat ____.
Hold the joints flexed for 10-20 seconds > hold it in extension for 10-20 seconds > repeat 3-10 times
the application of electrical current to elicit a muscle contraction and thus rehabilitate muscle strength
Neuromuscular Stimulation (NMES)
small-diameter, slow twitch, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers
Type I Muscle Fibers
large-diameter, fast twitch, easily-fatigued muscle fibers
Type II Muscle Fibers
How does NMES therapy work?
Continued NMES therapy > properties of type II muscle fibers begin to resemble properties of type I > muscle fatiguability decreases
NMES pads are placed over:
1.
2.
- the motor point of the muscle (where nerve enters the muscle)
- a distal point on the muscle (proximal to the musculotendinous junction)
the time to a full muscle contraction
Ramp
Frequency is measured in ___
Hz
Pulse duration is measured in ______.
microseconds
the use of electric current to stimulate the nerves to release endogenous opioids, and thus relieve pain and muscle spasm
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
Laser
the stimulation of tissue with light to decrease pain, decrease inflammation, and improve wound healing
Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
rate at which the laser’s energy is emitted over time
Power
Power is measured in ___ or ____.
watts (W) or milliwatts (mW)
determines the depth of penetration to the targeted tissue in which chromophores will absorb the laser’s light
Wavelength
Wavelength is measured in _____.
nanometers (nm)
LLLT Wavelengths:
Superficial tissue = ____ to ____ nm
Deeper tissue = ____ to ____ nm
Superficial Tissue = 600-700 nm
Deeper Tissue = 780-950 nm
the amount of energy being emitted per surface area
Energy Density (Dose of Light)
Energy Density (Dose of Light) is measured in ______.
joules ( J )
the condition characterized as the wearing down of cartilage over time in a joint
Degenerative Joint Disease (osteoarthritis)
the condition characterized as the degeneration of the discs that separate the bones of the spine
Intervertebral Disc Disease
inflammation of the mucosal lining of any structure in the oral cavity and may involve the gums, tongue, inner surfaces of the lips and pharynx
Stomatitis
inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
inflammation of the bladder wall
Cystitis
the use of sound waves to treat tissue
Therapeutic Ultrasonography
a limitation in the passive range of motion of a joint
Joint Contracture
Therapeutic ultrasonography is determined by ____ and _____.
bone proximity and bone thickness
Therapeutic Ultrasonography Frequency:
Superficial tissues = _____ MH
Deeper tissues = ____ MH
Superficial = 3 MH (1-2 cm deep)
Deeper = 1 MH (4-5 cm deep)
the variable that determines whether thermal or nonthermal effects will be seen from therapeutic ultrasonography treatment
Intensity
the fraction of time that the sound wave is emitted during a pulse period
Duty Cycle
the duty cycle mode used in therapeutic ultrasonography that causes unstable cavitations, which can be destructive to tissue but beneficial for scar tissue
Continuous Mode
occurs when the gas bubbles within tissues collapse due to the excessive ultrasonographic energy build up
Unstable Cavitation
the duty cycle mode used in therapeutic ultrasonography used to enhance healing and eliminate swelling
Pulse Mode
The ultrasound “sound head” must be continuously moved to avoid burns on _____, _____, or _____.
tissue, muscle, or periosteum
a high-energy, focused sound wave that delivers energy to a specific focal point in the body
Extracorporeal Shockwave
Patients must be sedated for _____ therapy.
extracorporeal shockwave
the application of cold to the body to decrease pain and inflammation by causing vasoconstriction, slowing nerve conduction and decreasing enzyme activity
Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy works by
1.
2.
3.
- Vasoconstriction
- Slowing nerve conduction
- Decreasing enzyme activity
the application of heat to the body to reduce pain by increasing circulation, increasing muscle contractility, increasing the ability of collagen to stretch, and decreasing pain
Thermotherapy
Thermal therapy should not be used over areas that _________ because it may cause ____.
do not have appropriate sensation or perfusion > tissue damage
a device used when a patient requires rigid support, needs support in a joint that is not commonly braced, or needs to protect/limit ROM
Orthotics
a device used to replace a part of the limb that is missing or requires amputation
Prosthetics
