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Medical Nursing for Vet Techs > Neonatal Development/Care of Puppies, Kittens, and Foals > Flashcards

Neonatal Development/Care of Puppies, Kittens, and Foals Flashcards

1
Q

the window of time characterized by various transition periods such as neonatal period, weaning and maturation

A

Postparturient Period

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2
Q

Pediatric stethoscopes have a ___ bell

A

2 cm

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3
Q

Normal for neonatal puppies/kittens to have hair on most of their body except ______.

A

ventral abdomen

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4
Q

Normal neonatal puppies/kittens have ____ + ____ skin on their ventral abdomen.

A

hairless + dark pink

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5
Q

Bluish skin indicates _______ in neonatal puppies/kittens.

A

cyanosis

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6
Q

Dark red skin indicates ______ in neonatal puppies/kittens.

A

sepsis

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7
Q

the bulging of eyes from behind closed eyelids in neonates
Abnormal formation of nose + external ears

A

Neonatal Ophthalmia

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8
Q

Flattening or malformations in the chest of neonatal puppies/kittens may indicate ______.

A

Pectus excavatum

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9
Q

chest wall deformity characterized by a concave depression of the sternum

A

Pectus excavatum

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10
Q

Normal abdomens for puppies are _____ and _____ for kittens. It’s abnormal to see _____, ______, and _____.

A

Normal abdomens for puppies are MILDLY PUDGY and LEAN for kittens. It’s abnormal to see BLOATING, ABDOMINAL WALL DEFECTS, and PERSISTENT URACHUS.

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11
Q

During a neonatal physical exam, the genitals/anus are checked for _____.

A

Patency

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12
Q

the reflex in which a puppy or kitten tries to suck or chew on a finger (should be present at birth)

A

Suckling Reflex

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13
Q

the reflex in which a puppy or kitten will press its head against a bowed hand (should be present at birth)

A

Pressing Reflex

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14
Q

the reflex in which a puppy or kitten will “roll up” and adduct its hind legs when held by the head (present until age 3-4 days)

A

Flexor Tone

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15
Q

the reflex in which a puppy or kitten will stretch its back and hind legs when held by the head (present after age 4 days)

A

Extensor Tone

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16
Q

the reflex in which forcefully rubbing a healthy puppy or kitten in the lumbar region will result in vocalization and great activity

A

Lumbar Reflex

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17
Q

the reflex in which a puppy or kitten in dorsal recumbency has the toe of a hindlimb pinched and they abduct the opposite hindlimb (present until 3 weeks of age)

A

Extensor Reflex

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18
Q

the reflex in which a puppy or kitten in dorsal recumbency has their head bent to one side and they stretch their legs on that side while bending the legs on the opposite side (present until 3 weeks of age)

A

Magnus Reflex

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19
Q

the reflex in which a puppy or kitten held by the thorax has head bent toward one side and those limbs stretch OR head is bent dorsally and front limbs stretch while hindlimbs abduct (present until 3 weeks of age)

A

Tonic Neck Reflexes

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20
Q

the reflex in which a puppy or kitten is made to stand on one limb, moved horizontally, and the supporting limb will jump to maintain support for the body (already present at age 2-4 days)

A

Hopping Reflex

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21
Q

the reflex in which a patient urinates or defecates when the associated region is stimulated with a moist cloth or cotton (present until age 3-4 weeks)

A

Anogenital Reflex

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22
Q

the reflex in which a patient blinks in response to a light tap on the medial or lateral canthus (present as soon as eyes are open)

A

Palpebral Reflex

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23
Q

the reflex in which a patient retracts the eyeball and blinks in response to touching the cornea (present as soon as eyes are open)

A

Corneal Reflexes

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24
Q

the reflex in which a patient blinks when a threatening gesture is made toward the eye being evaluated (usually present age 10-14 weeks but can be as early as 2 weeks)

A

Menace Reflex

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25
Q

When do the testicles descend in kittens vs puppies?

A

Kittens = born descended
Puppies = 6-8 wks

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26
Q

Puppies and kittens can lift their head by day ____.

A

3

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27
Q

Puppies/kittens can crawl in a coordinated manner at week _____.

A

2

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28
Q

Puppies/kittens open their eyes at _____ days.

A

7-12

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29
Q

Puppies/kittens’ external ear canals open at _____ days.

A

14-16

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30
Q

Birth weight is doubled by:
_____ days for kittens
_____ days for puppies

A

7-10 days > kittens
10-12 days > puppies

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31
Q

Puppies/kittens can stand by week _____.

A

3

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32
Q

_____ and _____ antibodies are absorbed during the first 24 hours for puppies and 16 hours for kittens

A

IgG and IgA

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33
Q

the measurement used to indicate hydration levels and kidney function

A

Urine Specific Gravity (aka urine concentration)

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34
Q

Urine specific gravity is _____ before 4 weeks and _____ after 4 weeks

A

Before = 1.012-1.020
After = > 1.020

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35
Q

In 1 week, draw no more than ____ circulating blood volume in a healthy puppy/kitten and no more than ____ in a sick neonate.

A

Healthy = no more than 10%
Sick = no more than 5%

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36
Q

Radiography is best for _____ in neonatal puppies/kittens

A

Thoracic studies

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37
Q

_____ is tolerated better than radiography in neonatal puppy/kitten diagnostics

A

Ultrasonography

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38
Q

Umbilical remnant is treated with _____.

39
Q

Deworming puppies begins at _____ weeks old and continues at ____ week intervals.

A

Begins at 2 weeks
Continues at 2 week intervals

40
Q

______ is given to puppies to eliminate _____ worms.

A

Pyrantel pamoate
Round worms

41
Q

What 5 neonatal illnesses in puppies/kittens need immediate attention?

A
  1. Hypothermia
  2. Dehydration
  3. Hypoglycemia
  4. Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
  5. Malnutrition
42
Q

temporary lack of movement in the intestines due to lack of peristalsis or obstruction

43
Q

What is the treatment for hypothermia in puppies/kittens? Give 3 methods

A
  1. Slowly reheat patient 2ºF per hour
  2. Admin IV fluids no warmer than 2ºF above body temp
  3. Oral admin of warmed LRS + 50% dextrose
44
Q

Why is LRS + 50% dextrose given to hypothermic puppies/kittens?

A

Supports glycogen stores in liver > helps prevent GI collapse

45
Q

What occurs if a hypothermic puppy/kitten is rewarmed over 4ºF in 1 hour?

A

Delayed organ failure > death

46
Q

Tacky to dry mucous membranes indicates ____% dehydration in neonatal puppies/kittens

47
Q

Dry mucous membranes and decreased skin elasticity indicates ____% dehydration in neonatal puppies/kittens

48
Q

In neonatal puppies/kittens, fluid requirements are _____ and total volume that can be given is _____.

A

high / low

49
Q

A bolus of ___ mL per ____ g of BW is given to dehydrated puppies/kittens over _____ min.

A

A bolus of [3.3] mL per [100] g of BW is given to dehydrated puppies/kittens over [5-10] min.

50
Q

The maintenance dose for dehydrated puppies/kittens is ____ mL/kg/hr.

A

6 mL/kg/hr

51
Q

_____% of the fluid deficit in dehydrated puppies/kittens is added over ____ hours as a part of the fluid replacement therapy

A

Add 50% of fluid deficit over 6 hours

52
Q

Fluid Deficit = ______________

A

Fluid Deficit = BW [kg] x % dehydration

53
Q

LRS with ____ of maintenance potassium is used for fluid replacement therapy in puppies/kittens

A

LRS with 20 mmol/L of maintenance potassium

54
Q

______ is the most common cause of seizures in neonatal puppies/kittens

A

Hypoglycemia

55
Q

Hypoglycemic serum glucose levels:
Canines =
Felines =

A

Canines = <30 mg/dL
Felines = <50 mg/dL

56
Q

Hypoglycemia in puppies/kittens is treated by slowly infusing _____ via IV or IO at _____ g/kg

A

infusing 5-10% dextrose in normal saline at 0.5-1 g/kg

57
Q

an acute, severe hemolytic anemia as a result of maternal antibodies causing an incompatibility reaction

A

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (NI)

58
Q

the destruction of RBCs (noun and adjective)

A

Hemolysis (n) / Hemolytic (adj)

59
Q

a condition in which RBCs are destroyed faster than the body can replace them and results in a low RBC count

A

Hemolytic Anemia

60
Q

a condition in which RBCs are destroyed faster than the body can replace them and results in increased levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream

A

Hemolytic Icterus

61
Q

Neonatal isoerythrolysis occurs in type ___ kittens born to type ____ queens.

A

Type A kittens > Type B queens

62
Q

Give 3 ways NI treated in kittens

A
  1. Remove at risk kittens from queen during first day of life only
  2. Foster-nurse by Type A queen
  3. Hand-feed kitten milk replacer
63
Q

a condition of neonates that may appear normal at birth but gradually fade and die within two weeks of life

A

Fading Puppy/Kitten Syndrome

64
Q

List some causes of fading puppy/kitten syndrome

A
  1. Insufficient care + feeding from mother
  2. Congenital defects
  3. Infectious diseases
  4. Parasites
  5. Malnutrition
65
Q

A critical neonate is characterized by what 5 things?

A
  1. Anorexia
  2. Lethargy
  3. Emaciation
  4. Birth defects
  5. Death
66
Q

term for present at birth

A

Congenital

67
Q

Give some things to consider when administering medication to pediatric patients (puppies/kittens)

A
  1. Higher total body water (up to 82% of body weight)
  2. Less fat
  3. Less muscle mass
  4. Muscle not well vascularized
  5. Lower plasma protein concentration
  6. Higher gastric pH
  7. Weaker/slower GI peristalsis
  8. Lower intestinal blood flow
  9. Better intestinal absorption of proteins
  10. Intestinal flora not fully developed
  11. Blood-brain barrier not fully developed
  12. Liver - some enzymes need up to 4 months to develop
  13. Kidney - glomerular filtration developed by 3-4 weeks, tubular secretion developed by 6 months
68
Q

The neonatal period for
puppies _____
kittens _____
foals _____

A

Puppies = first 4 weeks of life
Kittens = first 4 weeks of life
Foals = birth to 1 month

69
Q

foals just before and just after birth

70
Q

The normal equine gestational period is approx. ____ days, but can range between ____ and ____ days.

A

Normal > ~ 320 days
Range > 320-400 days

71
Q

High risk mares are mares at risk or suspected to have _____

A

placentitis

72
Q

What are 3 clinical signs of placentitis in mares?

A
  1. Vaginal discharge
  2. Premature udder development
  3. Premature lactation
73
Q

How many stages of equine labor are there?

74
Q

How long does each stage of equine labor take?

A

Stage 1 = 1-4 hours
Stage 2 = 30 min
Stage 3 = 3-4 hours

75
Q

How can you tell if foaling will occur within 30 minutes?

A

Sweat on the mare’s shoulders

76
Q

The equine placenta is considered retained if it is not delivered in ____ hours.

77
Q

a condition characterized by low blood oxygen levels

78
Q

a condition characterized by too much carbon dioxide in the blood

A

Hypercapnia

79
Q

Neonatal foals should be standing within _____.

80
Q

List some preparturition physical changes that occur in mares

A
  1. Increased udder enlargement
  2. Pelvic ligament relaxation over tail head
  3. Vulvar softening and elongation
  4. Prefoaling secretions (wax aka dried milk) accumulate on teats
  5. Increased calcium in the colostrum
81
Q

when a foal does not ingest an adequate amount of colostrum within the first 12-24 hours of life or if the colostrum is of poor quality

A

Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT)

82
Q

How is FPT treated before and after 24 hours?

A

Before = NG tube with donor colostrum
After = IV admin of donor plasma

83
Q

Neonatal foal IgG levels and FPT:
_____________ indicates adequate transfer
_____________ indicates FPT

A

800 mg/dL or greater = adequate transfer
200 mg/dL or less = FPT

84
Q

foals that are delivered at full-term gestational age but present with similar characteristics of premature foals

A

Dysmature Foals

85
Q

foals that are carried for an extended period past full term and become increasingly abnormal the longer they are in utero

A

Postterm Foals

86
Q

a condition which results in abnormal behavior, poor nursing ability, and weakness and is associated with other problems, such as sepsis, neonatal gastroenteropathy, and neonatal nephropathy

A

Neonatal Encephalopathy
- aka Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome (NMS)
- aka “Dummy Foal”

87
Q

a condition characterized by abnormal GI tract motility and absorption leading to intolerance of enteral nutrition, such as reflux after feeding

A

Neonatal Gastroenteropathy

88
Q

a condition characterized by renal insufficiency that may resolve or may be too severe for recovery

A

Neonatal Nephropathy

89
Q

an acute, severe bacterial infection causing multiorgan dysfunction, including poor perfusion of the limbs, cardiovascular collapse, and metabolic derangements (such as profound hypoglycemia)

A

Sepsis/Septic Shock

90
Q

when the meconium is impacted in the colon and the foal will display abdominal discomfort such as tail flagging and rolling

A

Meconium Retention

91
Q

development of acute diarrhea, often caused by an infectious organism (i.e. rotavirus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium spp.) and requires immediate treatment in an isolated stall

92
Q

a condition characterized by an foal’s urachus not being closed and leaking urine

A

Patent Urachus

93
Q

development of an infected joint or growth plate

A

Septic Arthritis/Septic Physitis

Medical Nursing for Vet Techs (7 decks)

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