PHYSICAL SCIENCE (PRELIMS)

Question 1

origin of the universe

Answer 1

Big Bang

Question 2

when did the Big Bang happen?

Answer 2

13.7 billion years ago

Question 3

Who created the paper entitled, “The Origin of the Chemical Elements”?

Answer 3

Ralph Alpher
Dr. Hans A. Bethe
George Gamow

Question 4

What book did Ralph Alpher, Dr. Hans A. Bethe, George Gamow publish?

Answer 4

The Origin of the Chemical Elements

Question 5

When did they publish the paper?

Answer 5

1948

Question 6

also known as the “primordial nucleosynthesis”

Answer 6

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

Question 7

What are the 6 elements that were produced during the BBN

Answer 7

H-1 Hydrogen
H-2 Deuterium
H-3 and H-4 Helium isotopes
Li-7 Lithium isotopes
trace amounts of beryllium

Question 8

How long did the BBN last for?

Answer 8

10 second - 20 minutes

Question 9

INFO

Answer 9

The temperature in the early universe was extremely high that fusion could take place.

Question 10

a process where 2 or more nuclei combine to form a new element

Answer 10

fusion

Question 11

the universe cooled down and expanded to what temperature?

Answer 11

~10^10 Kelvin

Question 12

INFO

Answer 12

The universe further cooled down, the protons then outnumbered the neutrons, the the neutrons combined with the protons, and formed hydrogen and deuterium isotopes.

Question 13

The deuterium nuclei is represented as?

Answer 13

^2H

Question 14

What is a low mass star?

Answer 14

white dwarf

Question 15

What is a high mass star?

Answer 15

neutron star

Question 16

What happens when a cloud of gas and dust collapse?

Answer 16

star formation

Question 17

the ouflow of energy

Answer 17

hydrostatic equilibrium

Question 18

collective term for nuclear reactions in stars

Answer 18

Stellar Nucleosyntheis

Question 19

IMPORTANT NUCLEAR FUSION PROCESS

Answer 19

Hydrogen Burning
Helium Burning
Burning of Heavier Elements

Question 20

The two stages of Hydrogen Burning

Answer 20

Proton-Proton Chain
Carbon Cycle

Question 21

Hydrogen is converted into helium.

Answer 21

Proton-Proton Chain

Question 22

Formation of Helium nucleus

Answer 22

Carbon Cycle

Question 23

Where alpha particles fuse and form to Carbon nuclei?

Answer 23

Triple Alpha Process

Question 24

Who suggested that the sun is powered by energy extracted from the inner structures of the atom?

Answer 24

Chamberlin

Question 25

When did Chamberlin suggest it?

Answer 25

1899

Question 26

Who proposed the E=mc^2 equation?

Answer 26

Albert Einstein

Question 27

What does E=mc^2 represent?

Answer 27

E = energy of the physical system m = mass of the system c = speed of light in vacuum

Question 28

When did Albert Einstein propose the equation?

Answer 28

1905

Question 29

it is a nuclear reaction process bonding two or more nuclei to a single, heavier one

Answer 29

nuclear fusion

Question 30

What are the nuclear process?

Answer 30

Proton-Proton Chain Carbon Cycle Triple-Alpha Process

Question 31

one proton becomes a neutron by ejecting two particles

Answer 31

Proton-Proton Chain

Question 32

What are the two particles that are ejected in the Proton-Proton Chain?

Answer 32

positron (e^+) neutrino (v)

Question 33

What is the 1st step of the PPC?

Question 34

What is the second step of the PPC?

Question 35

What is the third step of the PPC?

Question 36

What is the high-energy photon?

Answer 36

gamma rays

Question 37

happens when the temperature is greater than 15 Million Kelvin

Answer 37

Carbon Cycle

Question 38

happens when the temperature is greater than 100 Million Kelvin

Answer 38

Triple Alpha Process

Question 39

titanic explosion

Answer 39

supernova

Question 40

explosion of a star

Answer 40

supernova

Question 41

nuclear reaction by w/c an atomic nucleus and neutrons collide to form a heavier nucleus

Answer 41

neutron capture

Question 42

synthesis of new elements are achieved through neutron capture:

Answer 42

S - Process R - Process

Question 43

determines the identity of an element

Answer 43

number of protons

Question 44

neutron to proton process undergoes

Answer 44

Beta Minus Beta Positive

Question 45

being that a neutron is lost and a proton beta minus appears

Answer 45

Beta Minus

Question 46

means that a neutron appears while a beta positive proton is lost

Answer 46

Beta Positive

Question 47

"slow neutron capture" to synthesize heavier elements, beta decay is faster than neutron capture

Answer 47

S-PROCESS

Question 48

seed of the S-PROCESS

Answer 48

iron

Question 49

"rapid neutron capture", short time scale, occurs in supernova events, neutron capture is faster that beta-decay

Answer 49

R-PROCESS

Question 50

5 Ancient Greeks with Ideas on the Atoms

Answer 50

Leucippus Democritus Berryman Epicurus of Samos Plato and Aristotle

Question 51

came from a variety of sizes and shapes

Answer 51

atoms

Question 52

when was the first model of an atom was created?

Answer 52

400 BC

Question 53

first to develop the concept of atom

Answer 53

Leucippus Democritus

Question 54

concept of atom based from his book (The Greater World System; said that stoms cannot change or disintegrate

Answer 54

Leucippus

Question 55

said that matter can be divided into smaller particles, but there is a point wherein it cannot be further divided

Answer 55

Democritus (460 BC - 360 BC)

Question 56

ultimate partice of matter w/c cannot be further divided

Answer 56

atom

Question 57

greek word from atom meaning indivisible

Answer 57

atomos

Question 58

stated that atoms can move because there is an empty space

Answer 58

Berryman (2010)

Question 59

empty space

Answer 59

void

Question 60

stated that atoms have weight; can change direction or swerve abruptly

Answer 60

Epicurus of Samos

Question 61

did not accept the ideas of atoms

Answer 61

Plato (427 BC - 347 BC) and Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC)