PHYSICAL SCIENCE (PRELIMS) Flashcards
origin of the universe
Big Bang
when did the Big Bang happen?
13.7 billion years ago
Who created the paper entitled, “The Origin of the Chemical Elements”?
Ralph Alpher
Dr. Hans A. Bethe
George Gamow
What book did Ralph Alpher, Dr. Hans A. Bethe, George Gamow publish?
The Origin of the Chemical Elements
When did they publish the paper?
1948
also known as the “primordial nucleosynthesis”
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
What are the 6 elements that were produced during the BBN
H-1 Hydrogen
H-2 Deuterium
H-3 and H-4 Helium isotopes
Li-7 Lithium isotopes
trace amounts of beryllium
How long did the BBN last for?
10 second - 20 minutes
INFO
The temperature in the early universe was extremely high that fusion could take place.
a process where 2 or more nuclei combine to form a new element
fusion
the universe cooled down and expanded to what temperature?
~10^10 Kelvin
INFO
The universe further cooled down, the protons then outnumbered the neutrons, the the neutrons combined with the protons, and formed hydrogen and deuterium isotopes.
The deuterium nuclei is represented as?
^2H
What is a low mass star?
white dwarf
What is a high mass star?
neutron star
What happens when a cloud of gas and dust collapse?
star formation
the ouflow of energy
hydrostatic equilibrium
collective term for nuclear reactions in stars
Stellar Nucleosyntheis
IMPORTANT NUCLEAR FUSION PROCESS
Hydrogen Burning
Helium Burning
Burning of Heavier Elements
The two stages of Hydrogen Burning
Proton-Proton Chain
Carbon Cycle
Hydrogen is converted into helium.
Proton-Proton Chain
Formation of Helium nucleus
Carbon Cycle
Where alpha particles fuse and form to Carbon nuclei?
Triple Alpha Process
Who suggested that the sun is powered by energy extracted from the inner structures of the atom?
Chamberlin
When did Chamberlin suggest it?
1899
Who proposed the E=mc^2 equation?
Albert Einstein
What does E=mc^2 represent?
E = energy of the physical system
m = mass of the system
c = speed of light in vacuum
When did Albert Einstein propose the equation?
1905
it is a nuclear reaction process bonding two or more nuclei to a single, heavier one
nuclear fusion
What are the nuclear process?
Proton-Proton Chain
Carbon Cycle
Triple-Alpha Process
one proton becomes a neutron by ejecting two particles
Proton-Proton Chain
What are the two particles that are ejected in the Proton-Proton Chain?
positron (e^+)
neutrino (v)
What is the 1st step of the PPC?
What is the second step of the PPC?
What is the third step of the PPC?
What is the high-energy photon?
gamma rays
happens when the temperature is greater than 15 Million Kelvin
Carbon Cycle
happens when the temperature is greater than 100 Million Kelvin
Triple Alpha Process
titanic explosion
supernova
explosion of a star
supernova
nuclear reaction by w/c an atomic nucleus and neutrons collide to form a heavier nucleus
neutron capture
synthesis of new elements are achieved through neutron capture:
S - Process
R - Process
determines the identity of an element
number of protons
neutron to proton process undergoes
Beta Minus
Beta Positive
being that a neutron is lost and a proton beta minus appears
Beta Minus
means that a neutron appears while a beta positive proton is lost
Beta Positive
“slow neutron capture” to synthesize heavier elements, beta decay is faster than neutron capture
S-PROCESS
seed of the S-PROCESS
iron
“rapid neutron capture”, short time scale, occurs in supernova events, neutron capture is faster that beta-decay
R-PROCESS
5 Ancient Greeks with Ideas on the Atoms
Leucippus
Democritus
Berryman
Epicurus of Samos
Plato and Aristotle
came from a variety of sizes and shapes
atoms
when was the first model of an atom was created?
400 BC
first to develop the concept of atom
Leucippus
Democritus
concept of atom based from his book (The Greater World System; said that stoms cannot change or disintegrate
Leucippus
said that matter can be divided into smaller particles, but there is a point wherein it cannot be further divided
Democritus (460 BC - 360 BC)
ultimate partice of matter w/c cannot be further divided
atom
greek word from atom meaning indivisible
atomos
stated that atoms can move because there is an empty space
Berryman (2010)
empty space
void
stated that atoms have weight; can change direction or swerve abruptly
Epicurus of Samos
did not accept the ideas of atoms
Plato (427 BC - 347 BC) and Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC)
