PHYSICAL SCIENCE (MIDTERMS) Flashcards
What are the 4 basic elements?
earth
water
air/wind
fire
Who are the 6 people with relation to the elements?
Empedocles
Heraclitus
Thales
Anaximenes
Aristotle
Plato
Who stated that everything in nature is made up of the 4 elements?
Empedocles
Where was Empedocles from?
Sicily
When was Empedocles born?
5th Century BC
Who supported and bulit on Empedocles’s theory?
Aristotle
When did Empedocles suggested the theory?
450 BC
Who studied fire?
Heraclitus
Who studied water?
Thales
Who studied air?
Anaximenes
Who discovered the 5th element?
Aristotle
What is the 5th element?
aether
What is aether?
composition of stars
Who was the first to use the term “element”?
Plato
THE GREEK IDEAS REGARDING ELEMENTS
4 elements made up all matter
elements are “PURE”
every visible thing
The way the elements attract/repel each other causes the formation of different substances and determine their respective properties.
According to the Greek ideas it is the cornerstone of philosophy, science, and medicine for almost 2000 years.
4 elements made up of all matter
According to the Greek ideas, they could not be found in that state on Earth.
elements are PURE
According to the Greek ideas, made up of any combination of the 4 elements.
every visible thing
According to the Greek ideas, but are either held together by attractive forces or pushed by repulsive forces.
4 elements are unchanging in nature
It is the precursor of modern science.
alchemy
What is alchemy based on?
observation
experimentation
formation of conclusion
What is alchemy the combination of?
chemistry
physics
medicine
philosophy
magic
INTENTS OF ALCHEMY
Elixir of Life
Philosopher’s Stone
In the intents of alchemy, it is the source of wealth, health, and immortality.
Elixir of Life
In the intents of alchemy, it is a powder that when heated and combined with base metals like copper and iron will turn into gold.
Philospher’s Stone
What is the highest and purest form of matter?
gold
Who are the alchemy practitioners of the 14th - 15th century?
Paracelsus
Johann Baptista Van Helmont
Who is the alchemy practitioner of the 16th century?
Robert Boyle
Who is the alchemy practitioner of the 17th century?
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
ALCHEMY PRACTITIONERS
Paracelsus
Johann Baptista Van Helmont
Robert Boyle
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
Who is the first toxicologist?
Paracelsus
Who is the founder of “pneumatic chemistry”?
Johann Baptista Van Helmont
What word did JBVH coin?
gas
According to JBVH what are the 2 primary elements on earth?
air
water
In what century was the transition from alchemy to scientific method and chymistry?
16th century
What is the practical art of manipulating matter?
chymistry
What law states that as pressure of gas decreases the pressure on it increases and vice versa?
Boyle’s Law
Who proposed the Boyle’s Law?
Robert Boyle
In what century was the disappearance of alchemy and the beginning of the science of chemistry?
17th century
Who is the Father of Modern Chemistry?
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
What did Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier create?
first comprehensive chemistry textbook
periodic table
When did the medical chemistry and chemical industries bloom?
18th century
What are the domain of science?
medical chemistry
chemical industries
Who created the periodic law?
Dmitri Mendeleev
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ALCHEMISTS TO THE SCIENCE OF CHEMISTRY
early designs of lab equipment and scientific method
concepts of chemical elements and matter
medicinal chemistry
chemical industries
What are examples of early designs of lab equipment and scientific methods?
test tube
crucible
retort
What are the chemical industries?
distillation
metallurgy
Who first suggested the existence of atom?
Democritus
Who proposed the first atomic theory?
John Dalton
When did John Dalton propose the atomic theory?
1808
What is the combination of 2 or more elements?
compound
Who showed the relationship between electricity and matter?
Michael Paraday
When sis Michael Paraday show the relationship between electricity and matter?
1832
Who discovered electrons through the observation of the cathode ray tube?
J.J. Thomson
When did J.J. Thomson discover electrons through the observation of the cathode ray tube?
1897
What are negatively charged subatomic particles?
electrons
What suggests that electrons are like raisins stuck on the surface of a lump of pudding?
Plum Pudding Model
Who proposed the Plum Pudding Model?
J.J. Thomson
Who discovered the nucleus through his gold foil experiment?
Ernest Rutherford
When did Ernest Rutherford make the experiment?
1911
What is at the center of the atom?
nucleus
Who discoverd the proton, through the canal rays in a cathode ray tube?
Eugene Goldstein
When did Eugene Goldstein discover the proton, through the canal rays in a cathode ray tube?
1886
Who coined the term proton?
Ernest Rutherford
When did E. Rutherford coin the term proton?
1920
What is a positively charged particle in the nucleus of the atom?
proton
Who discovered the neutron?
James Chadwick
When did James Chadwick discover the neutron?
1932
What has no charge; has a mass almost equal to the mass of proton?
neutron
Who discovered the x-ray?
Wilhelm Roentgen
Who discovered radioactivity and proved that the atom is composed of subatomic particles?
Antoine Henri Becquerel
SUMMARIZE THE PARTS OF THE ATOM
NUCLEUS
- at the center
- comprises of 99.9% of the mass of atom
- composed of protons and neutrons
PROTONS
- positively charged
- determines the identity of an element
- each element has a unique number of protons (atomic number)
ELECTRONS
- negatively charged
- surround the nucleus at a great distance
- travel around the nucleus in pathways called ORBITALS
NEUTRONS
- no charge
- mass similar to prtons
- neutrons=protons
